Comparison between smokers and non-smokers Essay

Smokers and non-smokers have many differences, and very few similarities. I am one of those people who have been subject to addiction and got into the habit of smoking even though I do realize that us smokers are looked down upon by many people. Many restaurants and public places have become non-smoking, which prevents smokers from going certain places. Most people who smoke realize the harmful affects, but addiction is too strong to overcome that most of the time. For me I don’t think it’s as much the addiction, but how cigarettes help me relax and relieve stress. One of the main reasons non-smokers look down on smokers is because most of them realize the harmful affects, but continue to smoke because they are addicted. People who smoke tend to spend a lot of money on cigarettes that they could be spending on something that is more necessary than cigarettes. People who smoke generally have a yellowish tint on their fingernails and teeth from the tar in the cigarettes. Bad breath is also a common trait to people who smoke, which could be helped by breath mints or gum, but most people who smoke don’t carry those items around with them. Many people who smoke would like to quite smoking to prevent certain future health problems, but can’t because they are addicted. Non-smokers, however, do not understand us smokers because they have never experienced addiction for themselves. Non-smokers do not have to waste their money on cigarettes because they do not smoke. Non-smokers do not have to worry about stained fingernails or teeth either, which helps them have a somewhat cleaner appearance. They could, however, have bad breath depending on what kind of food they eat and how often they brush their teeth. In general non-smokers are healthier because they do not have that tar clogging up their lungs.

Compare and Cotrast the Characters of Gabriel Conroy and Michael Furey in “The Dead.”

Michal Furey loved Gretta so much that he, a (probably) tubercular worker in a potentially carcinogenic workplace (the gasworks) risked his already fragile health to come stand in her back garden in a cold rain. He is so desperate to see Gretta before she leaves that he says â€Å"†¦ he did not want to live. † Gretta believes that he died for her, and it may well be the case. There is no mention of whether or not he wore galoshes, but if he did it didn't save him. He died a week after that last time he saw Gretta.Gabriel, however, is fond of the newfangled galoshes, and he is careful about his and his wife's health. Unlike Michael Furey, Gabriel seems to relish being alive. He is in love with his wife, but he also does not seem to harbor romantic notions about her. â€Å"He did not like to say even to himself that her face was no longer beautiful but he knew that it was no longer the face for which Michael Furey had braved death. † It's hard to imagine Gabriel Conr oy braving death for anyone, and certainly not for romantic love.He seems too self-satisfied for that, but he also has, as many smug and contented people have, an element of self-loathing â€Å"A shameful consciousness of his own person assailed him. He saw himself as a ludicrous figure, acting as a pennyboy for his aunts, a nervous wellmeaning sentimentalist, orating to vulgarians and idealising his own clownish lusts, the pitiable fatuous fellow he had caught a glimpse of in the mirror. † It is difficult, in this last respect, to compare Michael Furey and Gabriel Conroy.Michael Furey died as a teenager, in all the passion of ill-health coupled with immaturity and intense romanticism. Gabriel is a grown man, a teacher, a father and husband, with all the cares, maturity, satisfactions, and even dashed illusions that that status conveys. Michael, the passionate lover of Gretta who sang, with a beautiful voice, the maudlin tune of â€Å"The Lass of Aughrim† had none of G abriel's life of solid — and, perhaps, stolid — respectability and responsibility. Such circumstances change personalities.But, it is suggested by Joyce's text, Michael and Gabriel shared little except their love for Gretta. Michael is headlong, talented, in ill-health, but also careless of life. Gabriel is, by comparison, careful, steady, respectable, and bent on the enjoyment of his possessions (especially Gretta) and his raised status compared to many people around him. They seem to be of very different dipositions, and, at the end of the story, Gabriel and the reader are left to think whether Gretta would have been happier with Michael Furey, had he lived.

PMI analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PMI analysis - Essay Example The third positive thing about the presentation is the fact that powerful people seem not to be more assertive, but they are more confident and more optimistic. Negative things about the presentation may include the fact that when we feel powerless, we close ourselves up, wrap up and make ourselves look small or devalue ourselves. This is not proper as it makes us become even more powerless. Instead, we need to strive to gain power. Secondly, sometime after an interview that has made someone manifest himself as a powerful person; we find that the employers say that they do not want to hire such people due to how they presented themselves. It is also negative that a bad car accident can make us our IQ drop and this may affect our capability and ability to reason well. It is interesting from the presentation that we are influenced by our non verbal, our thoughts and our feelings and physiology. The speaker also brings it very interestingly that sometimes our non verbal requires us to fake it until we make it. It is also interesting that, when someone is touching his neck during a presentation, they are only trying to protect themselves and trying to overcome fear. In a nutshell, the presentation shows clearly ways through which someone needs to use body language to help them conquer situations. There is power in the non verbal presentation that make people become either powerful or less

Older People in Residential Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Older People in Residential Care - Essay Example Though there remains a section of the inhabitants who live in hold up residential settings for reasons of great frailty or cognitive disability. Moreover, Dalley argues that there will carry on to be a require for residential care for the alternative. At this time these represent 4.8% of the 75-84 age collection and 20.9% of the inhabitants over 85. Approximately 350,000 people live in these settings, of whom about 35,000 are in local power residential homes, 163,000 are in separately run residential homes, and 150,400 are in nursing residence. Moreover, homes have to comply by new National Minimum Standards which came into force in 2002 (Evandrou, M. 2002, 6-7). If we analyzed then we come to know that the Care in The Community policy has resulted in a rise in the dependency level of older people living in residential homes. A contrast of long-stay hospitals, residential homes and older people living in the group of people found that dependence had risen considerably. Moreover, there is agreement that the plan of residential and nursing home buildings has an power on the excellence of life of the residents and excellence of care by the staff. Two issue of precise significance are the population bang in older people caused by greater than before life expectation, and a much altered example of care of older people, chiefly people with dementia that happened in the last years of the 20th century explain by Kitwood and others. The buildings that offer residential care vary extensively, depending on their attribution, though they carry out very alike functions. In theory the nursing homes offer housing for the frailest people, who need custom medical notice as well as personal care, and residential homes above all offer personal care. In put into practice residential homes ever more cater for the very frail, and normally people of either great physical frailty and/or cognitive impairment are placed in together nursing and residential

Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology Management - Essay Example I have discussed various strategies and techniques that can be used to improve the management of technology in a business organization and their impact. Each strategy is given a specific time which if accurately followed will produce some projected results. Technology Management The role of technology in the production industry can never be overlooked. It is clear that the more the use of advanced technology in the industry the better the results. However, the use of technology must be managed appropriately to ensure that it has been used efficiently and that the technology meets the expected results. Hence it is good for a business organization that incorporates technology in production to consider proper management of technology to increase profits and avoid losses. There are several issues of concern that are practices of poor technology management. One of them is having a weak internal technical support (Treat, 2011). Often the technical support is given to the computer experts w ho perform the work in addition to their regular job responsibilities. This causes the expert not to give their full attention to this work and this leads to poor performance. Another aspect is the keeping of older technology for too long. Old methods of technology in production need a lot of repair and fail often. This leads to a high business downtime, where the systems of production are rarely available (Bidgoli, 2010). This means that production time is wasted during repair hence reducing production. Older technology also work slowly and inefficiently hence does less work compared to use of up to date technology. Hence we can conclude that keeping older technology for too long is a poor practice that heavily costs productions. One more issue concerning poor technology management is lack of proper training to the employees (Tesar et al. 2004). Proper understanding of a computer system to the employee will enable them to easily perform the expected operations. When new technology or application is introduced into the organization, proper training of the users is essential for increased productivity. Another very crucial aspect of management of technology is the lack keeping the current software licenses (Harrison & Samson, 2002). If a business organization fails to keep their software licenses current, they greatly miss out on critical software updates. This also hinders access to technical support that would expose the users to new ideas and features and this holds back people from being as productive as possible. There are several strategies and techniques that can be used to improve technology management. One of it is to keep the users well trained on all the operations of technology. Training should not be done only when the user in been introduced to the technology, but should be frequently done so as to perfect the users knowledge and expertise on the use of technology. Another very effective technique is to put in place a strong internal technical sup port team. This team should be completely dedicated to technical operations support and research and should not have any other responsibilities. This empowers the team to concentrate on the use of technology in the most efficient way to increase production. Use of a good data backup is critical in good technology management. This technique ensures regular data backup to all business related information. Good policies and tools to manage backup of information regularly should be established. This ensures that even if the

Should companies routinely google applicants or look at their facebook Assignment

Should companies routinely google applicants or look at their facebook page as part of reference check before hiring - Assignment Example In this regard, social networking sites can be used to establish job networks and forums that aim at enriching members with new opportunities. A background check describes the act by an employer to review both personal and public information in a bid to investigate a person’s history. Most employers’ reckon that about 40% of resumes contain false information, which necessitates the use of background checks to confirm resume claims. This is done as part of the hiring process, furthermore, in most cases requires the subject’s consent to proceed. In addition, it seeks to establish whether the job applicant’s character reveals plausible elements, which may be of benefit to the organization. In the wake technological advancements, employers have turned to the global village as a tool for performing background checks. This entails the use of social networking sites in search of information, which sheds light on their potential employees. It is, therefore, crucial to assess and analyze the pros and cons of googling or checking the facebook pages as part of reference before hiring. This paper seeks to demonstrate the effects of using social sites to perform such background checks. The rise of social media sites has seen potential employers tear through the sites in search of information on their potential employees. According to a survey conducted by CareerBuilder, nearly half of employers who participated indicated they use social sites to research on potential hires (Innovative Employee Solutions, n.d). This raises the question of ethics and whether the information obtained is applicable in the hiring process. The act of accessing social sites in the sense of performing a background check is seen as a violation of privacy, which contrary set regulations concerning such checks. It is regarded unethical behavior to violate a person’s privacy

Media, Citizenship, Public Opinion and Spin Essay

Media, Citizenship, Public Opinion and Spin - Essay Example The television can be considered as public media also as there are entertainment channels in the television. When any media is capable of reaching of a large amount of gathering, it can be considered as mass media. The mass media includes the parts of cyber media like web sites, pod casts and blogs when they are capable to attract a vast amount of people. In general the commentators refer the mass media to the mass society. The mass society is formed due to lack of social connections influenced by good organization and susceptible to the influence of mass media techniques. The citizen will be a part of society and even the mass society. The person who have citizenship can be considered as citizen. The mass media influences the citizens. It is defined as a membership in a political community. The community may be a city, town, village, state, nation or a province. The person who have citizenship will have right to political participation. There are some citizenships that have no political participation. These citizens are the people, who are protected by the so called political community. These protected people by a particular community do not have political participation and thus have no direct influence on the community. When their number increases the citizens of the community may develop grievance against them and thus they can be influenced and influence the citizens in such a manner. 2 When the mass media When the mass media is considered, both type of citizens are influenced, but the citizens who have political rights only can influence the structure and course of the community. This is due to the public opinion. The public opinion can be considered as the collective opinion of the people of a community or a majority opinion of the people of a political community. Mass media is capable of creating, building and influencing the public opinion. 1930s can be termed as the era that gave birth to mass survey research in America. Polling companies, surveying companies analyzed the public on a variety of important issues. The polls are regarding the information on public opinion.3 2. Citizenship A citizen is an important and fundamental component of the political community. He is not only a component or constituent but the community is built with them. The participants, leaders and followers of the community come under the definition of a citizen. World wide there are different definitions and laws regarding citizenship in various countries. The common point in all those laws and definitions is that a citizen have a right to vote in a political society and he enjoys some rights ensured by constitution. Whatever may be the law and the definition the citizen is the person who influences the course of the political leadership and the in turn influenced by the media more particularly mass media. When it comes to United States, the citizens are of fundamentally three types. The native Americans, the people who left their home country looking for a better life and the naturalized citizens. The native Americans are the people who are citizens by birth and living in America from an unspecified time. When it comes to the people who left their country in search of a better life will be American citizens after living in that country for a stipulated period of time and by satisfying

Sexed Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sexed Crime - Essay Example Significantly, changes in the meaning of 'sex' as well as challenges to the speaking positions of the dominant groups have led to an ultimate shift from the use of sex crime to sexed crime. One of the most essential concerns of Adrian Howe's Sexed crime in the News has been to analyse whether the concept of sexed crime has a potential to expand one's understanding of sexual violence and Howe claims that "calling sex crime 'sexed crime' does have interesting, destabilising effects." (Howe 1998, P. 6). According to Howe, the complacency and self-evidence of sex crime is disturbed by the use of sexed crime instead of sex crime. In an understanding of the other important destabilising effects, it becomes lucid that speaking about sexed rather than sex crime "problematises the 'sex' of crimes of violence", "acknowledges that women are not the only sex - men have a sex too," and "speaking about sexed crime sexes violence in the sense of asking questions about the fundamental, but often ign ored, sexed and sexual aspects of that violence." (Howe 1998, P. 6). ... Various pertinent questions crop up in an attempt to analyse the difference between the concepts 'sex crime' and 'sexed crime' such as what is 'sexed' crime, can sexual assaults be considered as sex crime, is family violence sex crime, etc. According to Howe, there are several destabilising effects of 'calling sex crime sexed crime' and the latter is broader in scope than the former. Thus, calling sex crime sexed crime can disturb the self-evidence of sex crime, and sexed crime covers all forms of violence in which the gender of the victim, as well as the perpetrator, is significant to the violent act. "Sexed crimeis violence which can only be fully understood within the context of relationships which are profoundly sexed but which are not often recognised as such, precisely because they are dismissed as having something to do with a vaguely defined, amorphous 'gender'. The point of questioning the sex of sex crime is to challenge the taken-for-granted ways in which sexed and gendere d relations are represented in public discourses such as those of the media." (Howe 1998, P. 6). Therefore, it is essential to realise that Howe (1998), in her Sexed crime in the News, comes up with a new and somewhat different approach to the issue of sex crime, which is critical of the idea purported by Keith Soothill and Sylvia Walby in Sex Crime in the News (1991). Sex crime is a term which is commonly used in order to refer to the sexual assaults against females across the globe and there have been reference to the age of sex crime in the modern times. Sex and violence in the contemporary world have been closely interconnected in the recent day world and they are

Terminal Cancer - Palliative Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terminal Cancer - Palliative Care - Essay Example The current symptoms of the patient vary from day-to-day. The metastasis to the bone means that the client has progressive pain which is generally worsening. The liver metastasis has caused a loss of appetite, nausea and occasional bouts of very severe abdominal pain. The patient also has a chronic cough which is thought to originate from lung metastases, and will occasionally complain of chest pain. This has been confirmed by an abnormal chest X-ray. Overall, the patient has expressed dissatisfaction and at times feels unable to enjoy life, with an overall feeling of ‘sadness’. The patient also claims to have difficulty remembering some things, which is a common symptom of terminal cancers in general (Karabulu et al, 2010). Pain as a Symptom One of the most distressing symptoms for the patient, as with many terminal cancer clients, is the pain and the anxiety which comes from fear of increasing amounts of pain. Pain management is important in terminal cancer, but is not always effective. Hemming & Maher (2005) examined the management of pain and the difficulties which arise. The article highlights the fact that terminal cancer patients often have pain coming from many areas of the body, as seen in our case study above. Bone and nerve pain arising from metastases may be causing extreme pain, which is more difficult to treat. Hemming & Maher (2005) also highlight the fact that pain may be holistic, whereas treatments tend to focus purely on treating physiological pain with analgesics and other pharmaceuticals. The article also notes that pain is an extremely complex system and the mechanisms of this are not completely understood, again making pain management an extremely difficult process. Hemming & Maher (2005) examine the multiple ways in which pain should be approached. Firstly, they highlight the understanding of different types of pain; somatic, visceral, neuropathic and bone. Knowledge of this can help appropriate pain management systems to be correctly found. There is also an importance placed on the spiritual elements of the pain, which Hemming & Maher (2005) suggest need to be approached simultaneously with the more traditional physical approach. From here, the attending clinician could use an ABCDE of assessment of the pain to help them understand the location and type of pain, again helping to highlight what type of pain management may be necessary. Pharmaceutical interventions can then be considered. This should be approached in three ways. Firstly, ‘by the ladder’, which means that treatment should start from the non-opiod option and become progressively stronger by need. The article also highlights the importance of giving pain medications ‘by the clock’, or regularly, to maintain relief. Finally, Hemming & Maher (2005) advocate that pain relief be given ‘by the mouth’ through oral administration. Lynch & Abrahm (2002) focused on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and their ap proach to pain management in terminal patients. The approach here was done in a number of steps. The first of these involved assessment, with the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute advocating using numeric, verbal and a Wong-Baker-like FACES scale to judge the standard of pain of the individual. After this, patient education is conducted. The patient should be knowledgeable about the medication and approaches to pain that they are taking, particularly as a fear of addiction and the problems with

Lockheed Martin Exercise Essay Example for Free

Lockheed Martin Exercise Essay Question 1: The Lockheed Martin website gives the impression that this company strives to make ethics a top priority among its employees. Lockheed has successfully integrated marketing ethics throughout its corporate culture by instituting mandatory ethics training sessions. The company requires that employees make every effort to attend in-person training; however Lockheed makes online training available to those who are unable to attend to live training. This ensures that each and every employee has the opportunity to attend the ethics training session. In addition to having training sessions and requiring employees to acknowledge their completion of the course, Lockheed also has a clearly defined code of conduct, and the company expressly states its vision and values. The message of â€Å"doing what’s right,† respecting others, and doing the very best job possible are often repeated on the corporate website. The website also lists numerous additional links and resources for employees’ use. Question 2: The current ethical minute series does seem like it would be effective in establishing an ethical culture because the videos present realistic scenarios. First, the videos describe the ethical issue along with potential consequences. Next, the characters experience a conflict in the workplace, and they must decide whether they should follow the company’s procedure and possibly face negative consequences, or simply let the incident go unreported. The video shows the characters as they go through a thought process that is very similar to the way a real Lockheed employee might react. Overall, the video series appears to be effective because it presents ethical issues to employees in a way that is informative, entertaining, and the many employees will likely understand and relate to the message that is being delivered. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Question 1: R. J Reynolds must make many considerations when formulating a marketing strategy. The company’s website indicates that the information that has been released on health risks related to tobacco use is a large concern. The website seems to reflect that the company feels obligated to state that individuals who have ceased using tobacco and those who have never started should avoid tobacco products. There is also a statement that minors should not use tobacco under any circumstances (including exposure to secondhand smoke) and that tobacco is harmful and no tobacco product has been deemed safe. The company also states that individuals should rely on statements by the Surgeon General and the CDC when making decisions about tobacco use. These statements reflect pressure from governmental agencies and outside groups to inform the public about the serious health risks that are associated with tobacco. The company also mentions that tobacco use should be allowed in adult venues. This indicates that the company feels that recent trends in smoking regulation are unfair and far too strict and are counterproductive to the business interests of tobacco companies. Question 2: R. J. Reynolds Company has used the negative impact that increased health concerns have had on the company to portray itself as a morally and socially responsible. Not only does the website convey information about health risks, but the company also uses changes in smoking regulation laws as a basis to encourage political activism, as stated on the Smoker’s Rights page. The media page also shows that the company has made large donations to community causes. These actions serve to portray the tobacco company as socially responsible and positive, though the company sells a product that has a negative impact on health and has consequently come under fire as a result.

Risk Management To Avoid Delays In Road Construction Construction Essay

Risk Management To Avoid Delays In Road Construction Construction Essay The challenges in the construction industry are of same nature irrespective of geographic locations. The areas of concern in construction project management are timely completion of projects within the allocated cost, also serious concerns about resources utilization and project planning/control measures. Risk management is the art or practice of dealing with risk. It includes planning for risk, assessing (identifying analyzing) risk issues, developing risk handling strategies, and monitoring risks to determine how they have changed. My core area of works is in the field of engineering consultancy for various road projects in Dubai, which includes project planning and monitoring the performance of these projects, most of the times we face delays as well as cost overrun at these projects. Intension of doing the project works in this area is to form a procedure/systematic approach for identification and management of various risks in the road project with the help of various lean tools and TOC concepts. The risk management is not new to the organizations where as there is lack of awareness and systematic approach towards it. Risk management plan is successfully being implemented in Banks, Oil Companies, Health care etc also the IS 31000 suggests the frame work which can be implemented in any kind of industry irrespective of type place. IS 31000 guidelines can be modified as per the specific industry requirements. (Ref ISO 31000 page v Introduction) Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has an effect on at least one of the following project objective; Complete Project in allocated time Complete the project in allocated budget Maintain all quality standards as per Quality Management Plan Cover entire scope of works Project has known as well as unknown risks, in which known risks are considered for the risk management plan which can be identified, analysed and response plan can be prepared but to handle unknown risks we can have a contingency plan ready. The project work will require access to highly sensitive data of RTA (Road Transport Authority Dubai ) Parsons Overseas Ltds road projects and use of these data will be limited up to academic purpose only. Working with the various road projects in Dubai, I first derived the basic data which shows how many projects are delayed in terms of time/days as well as how much more the client has to pay for these projects other than the budgeted cost. (Ref Chart 1 for Days Chart 2 for Cost) Chart 1 Chart 2 The data above is taken from ten road projects in Dubai which clearly suggests that the delay in days has caused the respective increase in the cost this cost also may include the variation in scope. Causes behind the delay in these kinds of projects are external as well as internal, e.g. the global recession has caused client (RTA) to change the policy in terms of executing some projects, changing the priority, suspending some works etc is an external factor for the road projects where as the delay in material purchase is an internal factor. My work is more focused on the internal operational risks in these projects, where the data base in of ten RTA road projects will be used where as the sample risk management plan will be prepared based on ongoing project R800/6 for analysis purpose. Also the risk management plan for occupational Health safety as well as environmental risks are not considered for this exercise. Objectives behind Risk management plan Encourage Proactive rather than reactive management Be aware of the need to identify and treat risk throughout the organization Improve identification of opportunities and threats. Comply with relevant legal and regulatory requirements and international norms Improve reporting Improve corporate governance Improve stakeholders confidence trust Establish reliable basis for decision making and planning Improve Control Effectively allocate and use resources for risk treatment Improve operational effectiveness and efficiency Improve incident management and prevention Minimize loss Improve organizational learning RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY PARSONS GOALS Lead industry in Safety Continuously enhance the value of Parsons Corporation Maintain sustainable growth consistent with the demand in each market Grow consolidated net operating income and sales at least 10% annually Maintain a strong balance sheet. PARSONS STRATEGY Provide responsive, high quality service to our customers Develop long term relationships with customers who share our values. Promote best value solutions to our customers This document describes how we will perform the job of managing risks for RTA road projects in Dubai. It defines roles and responsibilities for participants in the risk processes, the risk management activities that will be carried out, the schedule and budget for risk management activities, and any tools and techniques that will be used. The objective behind this plan is to give systematic approach to identification, analysis, and monitor the various risks involved in the construction of Road/Bridge projects in Dubai and to avoid delay in the project. The risk identification at design phase is not considered for the exercise; largely emphasis is on construction activities. As a part of continuous improvement this plan has to be updated bimonthly or whenever necessary modifications are need to be done, with the consent of Risk Management team. SCOPE OF SAMPLE PROJECT This project is a component of the overall R800 Project Ras Al Khor Crossing Corridor. This Contract matches R800/5 Contract on one side. It involves the construction of a major grade-separated interchange to replace the existing Interchange No. 1 at Shaikh Zayed Road. The new interchange involves the construction of several bridges and underpasses to allow free flow of traffic and caters for the high volumes of traffic that will access new developments such as the Burj Dubai Developments, Business Bay and Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) from Shaikh Zayed Road. The bridges of this project are connected to the elevated viaducts above Doha Road that will be built as part of Contract R800/5s. The existing Interchange No. 1 structure will be demolished as part of this project The project also include the construction of roadway signage and pavement marking, landscaping, street lighting, irrigation ducts, diversion and/or protection of services such as DEWA-ED, DEWA Water, Etisalat, Sewerage, Storm Drainage and Irrigation Systems. Engineer M/s Parsons Overseas Limited Contractor M/s Salini Costruttori S.p.A. Contract Sum (Dhs.) AED 617,871,651.00 Project Commencment Date 11 October 2006 Contractual Completion Date 28 March 2009 ( Work is in Progress ) Time of Completion 730 Days ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The risk management team is not a separate task from the project management; it is an integral part of the project and requires team work. So as the construction team at project site is the part of risk management plan, where as to organize this work following members are assigned certain responsibilities. TEAM MEMBER RESPONCIBILITY PROJECT MANAGER RESIDENT ENGINEER Form a risk management team Review the risk management reports Decide a mitigation / contingency plan. Decision making. Review the exposure assessments for any new risk items. The Project Manager and other members of the Project Management team shall meetbiweekly suggestedto review the status of all risk mitigation efforts. RISK OFFICER PLANNING ENGINEER The Risk Officer has the following responsibilities and authority Coordinating risk identification and analysis activities. Maintaining the projects risk list. Notifying project management of new risk items Reporting risk resolution status to management. Project Member Assigned a Risk Civil Engineer, Structural Engineer Quantity surveyor Material Engineer The Risk Officer will assign each newly identified risk to a project member. Assess the exposure and probability for the risk factor and report the results of that analysis back to the Risk Officer. Assigned project members are also responsible for performing the steps of the mitigation plan and reporting progress to the Risk Officer biweekly. ROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESSES PLAN RISK MANAGEMENT This is the controlled document to be prepared which suggests how to conduct risk management for projects. Risk planning is important to provide enough resources time for risk management activities. To start the risk planning the following major inputs are necessary; Scope of project Schedule management plan Cost management plan Communication management plan The output of this process in a Risk Management Plan which can be modified as the project progresses also as the project scope changes. Risk management plan includes; Methodology How to approach the risks, what are the tools to be used, data sources to be used in order to perform risk management. Roles Responsibilities Risk management is not an individual task it is a team work. Organization chart to be prepared. Budgeting Assign resources, estimates funds needed for risk management in case of contingency plans if any. This part we are not considering at present for our risk management plan assuming the budgeting is readily available. Timing Establish the review for RMP during tenure of the project as well as establish a mile stone to prepare and approve RMP before the commencement of actual project woks. Risk Category Prepare a Risk Break down structure that can provide a systematic approach to identify risks from different categories from the RBS. Risk Probability, impact and matrix The risks for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis can be measured as a defined scale and the specific combinations can be rated for planning response. Reporting Out come of the risk management processes to be documented and reported. Tracking How risk activities will be recorded for the benefit of the current project as well as for future needs and lessons learned, as well as the audit of the risk management processes. IDENTIFY THE RISKS The risk identification information is to be collected from all departments using tools such as document review, unstructured interviews, check list, assumptions, and experience from old projects. The risk team can extend this task to all other projects team members in identifying the risks then it can be compiled together to prepare a risk register. The risk identification can be initiated by forming a risk breakdown structure. RISK BREAK DOWN STRUCTURE As per the project scope and nature of the project the risk breakdown structure can be prepared, for the sample project the risk are identified using the following risk breakdown structure. RISK REGISTER Once the risk break down structure is final then the risk identification can be done and can be listed in the following format called Risk Register. Sr No Risk Risk WBS Probability Remark 1 132 kv electic line relocation Obs Utility 0.9 Obstructing NW bridge 2 1200mm dia water line Obs Utility 0.9 Bridge work 3 Sewerage line Obs Utility 0.9 Can delay the traffic diversion 4 Etisalat Line Obs Utility 0.75 Obstructing NW bridge 5 Mobilization Res- Manpower 0.4 Overall project 6 Trial Trench works Int- Authority Approvals 0.8 Utility Relocation works 7 Traffic Diversion scheme implementation Obs- Traffic Diversion 0.9 Utility Relocation as well as bridge works 8 Toyota Building Obs- Expropriation 0.8 Traffic Diversion 9 Diversion of the Existing 600mm 300mm Water Diversion Obs Utility 0.8 affecting bridge UW3 10 Programme submission and approval PM- Planninng 0.8 Overall project 11 132 Kv electric line, water pipe valves , irrigation pipe valves , long lead material Int- Material 0.8 Relocation works 12 Soil investigation , Pilling, Rebar subcontractor finalization Int-Subcontractor 0.8 Road Structure works 13 Plant machinary Res- Machine 0.4 14 utility line crossing along Sheikh Zaid Road Int-Method Statement 0.3 Special works required 15 Change in design Int-Scope 0.5 QUANTITAVIE RISK ANALYSIS ( Monte Carlo Simulation ) Monte Carlo simulation is a statistical method used to produce number of trials to determine the expected value of a random variable. The Risk register mentioned above indicates a variable Risk Probability the major task in a risk management plan is to ascertain the probability right. The above variable can range from minimum to maximum probability limits which are taken from individual interviews as well as the experts opinion. Aim of the simulation exercise in to derieve Expected probability value. This exercise is done on MS Excel separatly results of which are attached in Appendix D First step is to prepare a table as shown below which Sr No Risk Probability Minimum Probability Maximum 1 132 kv electic line relocation 7 10 2 1200mm dia water line 6 10 3 Sewerage line 5 10 4 Etisalat Line 4 8.5 5 Mobilization 4 4 6 Trial Trench works 6 9 7 Traffic Diversion scheme implementation 7 9 8 Toyota Building 6 9 9 Diversion of the Existing 600mm 300mm Water Diversion 6 9 10 Programme submission and approval 2 2 11 132 Kv electric line, water pipe valves , irrigation pipe valves , long lead material 4 6 12 Soil investigation , Pilling, Rebar subcontractor finalizatin 4 7 13 Plant machinary 3 6 14 Utility line crossing along Sheikh Zaid Road 4 6 15 Change in design 4 6 Once the table is ready the data is transferred to the excel sheet to perform simulation. The results from the simulation are summarized below Sr No Risk Probability Minimum Probability Maximum Probability From Simulation 1 132 kv electic line relocation 7 10 8.5 2 1200mm dia water line 6 10 8.0 3 Sewerage line 5 10 7.5 4 Etisalat Line 4 8.5 6.2 5 Mobilization 4 4 4.0 6 Trial Trench works 6 9 7.5 7 Traffic Diversion scheme implementation 7 9 8.0 8 Toyota Building 6 9 7.5 9 Diversion of the Existing 600mm 300mm Water Diversion 6 9 7.5 10 Programme submission and approval 2 2 2.0 11 132 Kv electric line, water pipe valves , irrigation pipe valves , long lead material 4 6 5.0 12 Soil investigation , Pilling, Rebar subcontractor finalizatin 4 7 5.5 13 Plant machinary 3 6 4.5 14 utility line crossing along Sheikh Zaid Road 4 6 5.0 15 Change in design 4 6 5.0 The above simulation is just a guide line to reach to a specific probality figures where as there are limitations to this method , one it is assumed that these variables for each risk are independent and analysed independently but practically there can be relationship between two or more risk issues. PERFORM QUALITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS Risk probability and Impact Matrix With the help of risk register, risk management plan the risk will be identified for qualitative analysis. These risks are listed and assigned a risk rating using Risk probability and Impact Matrix. Aim of this method is to identify the critical risks based Risk rating which represents frequency of occurrence and the risk probability it self. The listed risks are then categorized as per the matrix established below. The numbers in the matrix represents the risk numbers from the risk register, from the above matrix we can establish the below categories High Risk, Medium Risk Low Risk. Sr No Risk Risk Rating Probability Risk Type 1 132 kv electic line relocation 8 8.5 High 2 1200mm dia water line 7 8.0 High 3 Sewerage line 6 7.5 High 4 Etisalat Line 4 6.2 High 6 Trial Trench works 5 7.5 High 7 Traffic Diversion scheme implementation 8 8.0 High 8 Toyota Building 3 7.5 High 9 Diversion of the Existing 600mm 300mm Water Diversion 8 7.5 High 15 Change in design 6 5.0 High 10 Programme submission and approval 3 2.0 Low 5 Mobilization 5 4.0 Medium 11 132 Kv electric line, water pipe valves , irrigation pipe valves , long lead material 4 5.0 Medium 12 Soil investigation , Pilling, Rebar subcontractor finalization 2 5.5 Medium 13 Plant machinery 4 4.5 Medium 14 utility line crossing along Sheikh Zaid Road 3 5.0 Medium ROOT CAUSE / CURRENT REALITY TREE ANALYSIS The above identified and categorized risk need to be further analysed to identify the root cause in order to avoid a potential delay or prepare a mitigation plan or to prepare a recovery plan. The above major risks are here classified by Current reality tree method Appendix E and the Plan Risk Response The process of developing options and actions to enhance opportunities and reduce threats to project objective. Monitor Control Risk The process of implementing risk response plans, tracking identified risks, monitoring residual risks, identifying new risks, and evaluating risk processes effectiveness throughout the project. Indentify Risks The risks to be identified based on historical events of other projects as well as the expertise opinion on the current project. 1. Risk management methodology to be used Risk Identification The objective behind this is to prepare comprehensive list of risks based on those events that might enhance, prevent, degrade or delay the achievement of objectives stated earlier. Also consideration has to be given to all risks whether they are with in the control or not in control. Risk Assessment Questionnaire, historical delay events/reports of other projects will be used to identify the risk. The questionnaire will be asked to the Design Engineers, Resident Engineer, Civil Engineer, Structural Engineer, Quantity Surveyor, Quality/Material Egg, Planning Engineer etc. The data to be entered as per the formats attached in Appendix 1A. B. Categorize Risks The data collected from risk identification templates will be categorized as per the risks High Risks, Medium Risks, Low Risks also the probability of risk occurrence to be mentioned. The data to be entered as per the formats attached in Appendix 1B. Risk Impact Assessment For the each risk identified, the probability of risk occurrence for the particular risk will be established then asses impact of the same in terms of cost and time delay. Monte carols simulation, Decision tree analysis, and Failure Mode effect analysis to analyze risks one of these tools will be used to analyze the risk and forecast the impact. D. Prioritize Risks Risks that meet the threshold criteria will be recorded in the Risk Response Plan. E. Risk Response Planning: For each risk in the Risk Response Plan, determine the options and actions to reduce the likelihood or consequences of impact to the projects objectives. Determine the response based on a cost/benefit analysis (cost vs. expected effectiveness). Describe the actions to be taken to mitigate the risk Describe the actions to be taken when the risk event occurs (contingency plan) Assign responsibilities for each agreed upon response. Assigned a due date where risk responses are time sensitive Incorporated this information into the Risk Response Plan F. Monitor Risk: Document the dates and the actions taken to mitigate the risk Document the actions taken when the risk event occurred (contingency plan) Document any subsequent actions taken Incorporate this information into the Risk Response Plan Refer appendix 1F for the templates. Establish systematic reviews and schedule them in the project schedule. These reviews are to ensure: All of the requirements of the Risk Management Plan are being implemented Assess currently defined risks Evaluate effectiveness of actions taken Status of actions to be taken Validate previous risk assessment (likelihood and impact) Validate previous assumptions State new assumptions Identify new risks Risk Response Tracking Communications H. Control Risk: Validate mitigation strategies and alternatives. Take corrective action when actual events occur Assess impact on the project of actions taken ($$, time, resources) Identify new risks resulting from risk mitigation actions Ensure the Project Plan (including the Risk Management Plan) is maintained Ensure change control addresses risks associated with the proposed change Revise the Risk Assessment Questionnaire and other risk management documents to capture results of mitigation actions. Revise Risk Response Plan Communications 4. 8. Assumptions Only the project related risks are considered, the corporate issues, economy risks are not considered. Separate risk management plan is to be prepared for Occupational Health, Safety Environment as per IS14000 18000.The other significant assumptions to be mentioned if any. The application of the risk management plan is only limited to the construction work The objective behind risk management exercise is to implement a plan for a new project where as for dissertation purpose I have taken a old, ongoing project which gives realistic picture of delays happened so far and helps in analysis.

Alzheimers Disease, Nursing Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Nursing Care and Understanding of Alzheimer Disease Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of memory, forgetfulness, personal change, even death, are common related disorders caused by a disease called Dementia or better known to most people as Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States in persons 65 and older. Alzheimer’s disease is, named for the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first recognized the disease in 1907; Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a progressive deterioration of mental functioning. Nursing plays a major role in the care for patients who have Alzheimer’s disease during the three stages of the disease. The majority of Alzheimer’s patients are cared for at home by nursing caregivers or in a nursing home facility. Impact on Today’s World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the many illnesses know today, Alzheimer’s has an effect not only on the patient but on the caregiver or nurse as well. Many journal articles, papers, and books discuss the impact on the role of the nurse and the Alzheimer’s patient. These articles show that over time the impact of this disease puts the nurse out of his or her homeostasis. Through the process of the disease the ability to control and maintain ones self stability is somewhat overwhelming and can lead to depression of the nurse caring for the patient in most cases. Depression and frustration usually comes from the fact that the Alzheimer’s patient’s mental and physical health is gradually dwindling away, and the caregiver or nurse feels helpless. This helplessness comes from the fact that the nurse or caregiver is showing care, compassion, and using all the knowledge he or she has, yet the nurse sees little to no progress in the person because the disease process is ta king over. â€Å"One caregiver described the disease as being a long journey in which the undeniable end is death, no fixed route, and no estimated time of departure† (Morton, 2003 p.262). Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nursing is the art of caring. Nursing is a profession because it requires an education in order to give the patient the care he or she needs. Nursing is giving of your self to help others in need of care. In nursing you are always learning, and through education you enhance your abilities to give the highest quality of care. Nursing education enhances t... ...responsible for his actions or emotions. People today and in the future generations look toward great medical miracles along with an increased life expectancy but with all great achievements their will be failure and success. Point being for every cure or medicine there will always be the need for nursing and the loving care that goes along with it. References Bren L. (2003 Jul-Aug). â€Å"Alzheimer's: searching for a cure†. FDA Consumer. 37(4):18-25. Harris, D. (1990). Sociology of Aging. New York, NY. Harper & Row Press. Martindale-Adams, J., Nichols, L., Burns, B., & Malone, C. (2002). Telephone support  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  groups: A lifeline for isolated Alzheimers Disease caregivers. Alzheimer’s Care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quarterly 2002, 3(2), 181-189. Morton, L. (2003). Psychological journey of an Alzheimer’s caregiver. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly 2003, 4(4), 262-268. Reisburg, B. & Harvey, R. (2002). Drug slows advanced Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 348,1334. Smith, G. B. (2002). Case management guideline: Alzheimer Disease and other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dementias. Nursing Case Management, 7(2), 77-84.

Disney: To be a Young Woman Essay -- disney princess, unrealistic beau

To be a Young Woman (according to Disney) Since Disney first introduced Snow White from the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarves back in 1937, the definition of what it means to be a young woman has been hugely influenced by Walt Disney Studios princesses. From the hair and the dresses to the demeanor and poise, Disney princesses have been showing girls of all ages how a woman should look and act, if she wants to have a happy life and find the perfect husband. Being constantly fed the seemingly ‘ideal’ image of beauty since their youth; most girls feel a need to strive to that level of beauty in order for them to feel accepted in society, and confident in themselves. According to researcher Dawn England, â€Å"The princesses in the first three Disney Princess movies were frequently affectionate, helpful, troublesome, fearful, tentative, and described as pretty† (England).Focusing in on the three original Disney princesses, Snow White, Cinderella, and Aurora from Sleeping Beauty, according to those thre e princesses what it means to be a young woman is to have unrealistic physical beauty, be dependent on a man, and be submissive and obedient. The Disney princesses’ unrealistic level of beauty can be seen in the artist portrayal of each princess. In the article, "The Mixed Blessings Of Disney's Classic Fairy Tales" Asma Ayob talks about how the princesses’ are created, â€Å"Snow White and Cinderella are presented as beautiful archetypal princesses who are ideally perfect. With the advent of the ï ¬ lm, and the animators’ ability to create ï ¬â€šawless bodies, this type of female attractiveness, which can be compared to â€Å"air-brushing† models on the covers of popular magazines, is a hard act to follow† (Ayob). The ‘hard act to follow’, has been t... ...llier-Meek. "Gender Role Portrayal And The Disney Princesses." Sex Roles 64.7/8 (2011): 555-567. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 14 Apr. 2014. "Marry The Prince Or Stay With Family—That Is The Question: A Perspective Of Young Korean Immigrant Girls On Disney Marriages In The United States." Australasian Journal Of Early Childhood 34.2 (2009): 39-46. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Rozario, Rebecca-Anne C. Do. "The Princess And The Magic Kingdom: Beyond Nostalgia, The Function Of The Disney Princess." Women's Studies In Communication 27.1 (2004): 34-59. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Whelan, Bridget1. "Power To The Princess: Disney And The Creation Of The 20Th Century Princess Narrative." Interdisciplinary Humanities 29.1 (2012): 21-34. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Disney: To be a Young Woman Essay -- disney princess, unrealistic beau To be a Young Woman (according to Disney) Since Disney first introduced Snow White from the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarves back in 1937, the definition of what it means to be a young woman has been hugely influenced by Walt Disney Studios princesses. From the hair and the dresses to the demeanor and poise, Disney princesses have been showing girls of all ages how a woman should look and act, if she wants to have a happy life and find the perfect husband. Being constantly fed the seemingly ‘ideal’ image of beauty since their youth; most girls feel a need to strive to that level of beauty in order for them to feel accepted in society, and confident in themselves. According to researcher Dawn England, â€Å"The princesses in the first three Disney Princess movies were frequently affectionate, helpful, troublesome, fearful, tentative, and described as pretty† (England).Focusing in on the three original Disney princesses, Snow White, Cinderella, and Aurora from Sleeping Beauty, according to those thre e princesses what it means to be a young woman is to have unrealistic physical beauty, be dependent on a man, and be submissive and obedient. The Disney princesses’ unrealistic level of beauty can be seen in the artist portrayal of each princess. In the article, "The Mixed Blessings Of Disney's Classic Fairy Tales" Asma Ayob talks about how the princesses’ are created, â€Å"Snow White and Cinderella are presented as beautiful archetypal princesses who are ideally perfect. With the advent of the ï ¬ lm, and the animators’ ability to create ï ¬â€šawless bodies, this type of female attractiveness, which can be compared to â€Å"air-brushing† models on the covers of popular magazines, is a hard act to follow† (Ayob). The ‘hard act to follow’, has been t... ...llier-Meek. "Gender Role Portrayal And The Disney Princesses." Sex Roles 64.7/8 (2011): 555-567. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 14 Apr. 2014. "Marry The Prince Or Stay With Family—That Is The Question: A Perspective Of Young Korean Immigrant Girls On Disney Marriages In The United States." Australasian Journal Of Early Childhood 34.2 (2009): 39-46. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Rozario, Rebecca-Anne C. Do. "The Princess And The Magic Kingdom: Beyond Nostalgia, The Function Of The Disney Princess." Women's Studies In Communication 27.1 (2004): 34-59. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Whelan, Bridget1. "Power To The Princess: Disney And The Creation Of The 20Th Century Princess Narrative." Interdisciplinary Humanities 29.1 (2012): 21-34. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 14 Apr. 2014.

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s Excavation at Troy :: Anthropology

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s Excavation at Troy Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s ability to challenge academic establishment make him an appealing yet dubious character. The German’s late nineteenth century excavations of Truva are often considered to have shed new light on ancient history or ‘undoubtedly destroyed a great deal of archaeological data that will forever be lost[1]. Despite the praise and glorification that surrounds the romantic stems of Schliemann’s work; his excavations have proved limited to the evolution of archaeology and ancient history. However some of Schliemann’s methodologies have often been considered significant in context to the evolution of both fields. His ‘great desire to affirm his hypotheses[2]’ has lead to important ancient historical data such as demonstrating Greek civilisation had commenced approximately one thousand years earlier then previous scholars estimated. Yet Schliemann’s excavations of Hissarlik are not completely revolutionary to the development of ancient history despite the modernisation of his primitive archaeological techniques and his ability to incorporate mythology in interpreting and formulating ancient history, while several contemporaries dismissed its credibility. Firstly Schliemann’s crude methodical techniques are not definitive in comparison to the works of other archaeologists such as, General Pitt Rivers. Secondly Schliemann’s discovery of an unknown civilization contributed to the broadening of ancient history. Moreover, Schliemann’s ability to see the great value of oral history and mythology has brought significant development to historical methodologies. Finally Schliemann’s flawed yet revealing archaeological techniques has allowed archaeology to improve, in learning from its mistakes. Firstly Schliemann’s contribution to the development of ancient history is limited in comparison to that of archaeological pioneers such as Pitt Rivers. Rivers, like Schliemann both avoided the stigma as ‘treasure hunters’ in their pursuit for knowledge of the antiquities. However Schliemann’s failure to seek perfection and accuracy questions his place in true archaeological circles. Historian Geoffrey Arnott comments, ‘the accuracy of his excavation reports can†¦be questioned, most seriously with regard to Troy.’ Schliemann’s primitive and simplistic techniques involving the destruction of various ruins do not deserve monumental credit. Historian Wellington King comments on the problematic nature of Schliemann’s excavations, Schliemann’s’ great desire to affirm his hypotheses to provide the evidence for the answers he created, is also his greatest weakness and shortcoming†¦he often conducted his archaeological work in a highly unethical manner, and a manner that could even compromise the archaeological integrity of his finds. In contrast, Rivers practised methods of perfection by comparing organic evolution to cultural development and developing future archaeological generic fundamentals such as ‘typology.’ ‘His purpose, therefore, was not concentrated on collecting artefacts solely for display, but in order to create a complex scheme of evidence to outline history.’[3] By contrast, men such as Pitt Rivers can be

Blood Alcohol Content Essay

The thought of alcohol being involved in fatal crashes brings about an emotional response. Recently, there has been a movement based on emotion rather than logic to change a certain drinking and driving law. This involves lowering the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) from 0. 10% to 0. 08% nationwide. However, this attention is misdirected. By looking at my personal experiences, statistics, and current laws, it is clear that there is no need for lowering the BAC. First off, I do not drink. Yet, I’ve had many experiences relating to drinking and driving through my friends. One thing I’ve noticed is that it is extremely hard for people to tell if they are legally drunk or not. Furthermore, I have never heard any of my friends say that they feel that they should drive home because they have only a . 09% BAC. The law has very little effect on how many drinks a person decides to consume. Therefore, lowering the legal drunk limit will not result in people acting more responsible. Supporters of lowering the BAC like Judith Lee Stone in her essay â€Å"YES! † think they are targeting the problem of drunken driving, but the real problem lies within the higher BACs. Ninety three percent of fatal accidents are 0. 10% BAC and above, and half of those ninety three percent have a BAC of 0. 20% and above. The average BAC for fatal accidents is at actually at 0. 17%. This seems like a more logical target for new laws then 0. 08%. Furthermore, Stone asks â€Å"Who would want their children in a car driven by someone who has consumed three, four, or even more beers in an hour† (Stone 46)? I couldn’t agree more. However, this common argument from the pro-0. 08% side is more like a parent responsibility question. They use this to manipulate our emotion by putting an innocent child in an improbable and unrelated situation. She also goes on to state, â€Å"A study at Boston University found that 500 to 600 fewer highway deaths would occur annually if all states adopted 0. 08%† (Stone 47). On the other hand, a similar study at University of North Carolina shows no significant change after their adoption of 0. 08%. Which study is correct? Most likely, both have some truthfulness. It could be either way depending on the state. The lowering of the Blood Alcohol Content percentage law is unnecessary and useless. Nevertheless, some states have already moved to the 0. 08%, and we hear the argument: â€Å"It makes no sense for a driver to be legally drunk in one state but not in another† (Stone 46). To that, I ask a couple questions of my own. Why can I carry a concealed gun in one state and not another? Why is it that I can drive a certain speed in one state, but a different speed in another? The response to those questions and Stone’s statement is all of the above are state laws. At this point, the federal government seems to get confused. In October 2000, congress passed a law that uses the states’ money against them. It asserts that if a state doesn’t lower its BAC percentage to 0. 08% by 2003, it will lose two percent of its highway money. States that don’t like the law will be forced to vote for it because they are desperate for highway construction money. Strings shouldn’t be attached to this money. What are lost in all of this are the current laws for drunk driving. Driving while impaired is already illegal whether the person tests 0. 04% or 0. 10%. Courts can use alcohol test of 0. 04% and higher as evidence of impairment. It’s at 0. 10% where a person is legally drunk and cannot legally operate a vehicle. Therefore, it’s not as if people who test 0. 08% are going unpunished like the other side would have you believe. In conclusion, anybody who picks out one particular aspect and says that it is not working hasn’t looked that the whole problem. The president for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Brian O’ Neill, says that he’d rather see resources directed toward enforcing existing drunken driving laws. Hopefully, with more education, more awareness, and more enforcement we can successfully reduce drinking and driving fatalities. Bibliography Stone, Judith Lee. Yes!. Reading and Writing Short Arguments. Ed. William Vesterman. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000. 46-47. Word Count: 702.

Controlling Inflation

INTRODUCTION Of the various ills the economy can face, inflation is simultaneously the worst for society as a whole. Inflation can be defined as the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling (investopedia. com). Inflation is a sustained increase in the general level of prices. Since inflation is concerned with increases in the general level of prices, changes in the price of a single good or service cannot be characterized as inflation. The inflation rate is normally measured by percentage changes in the cost of a basket of consumer goods and services (central bank). Inflation in Trinidad has been fluctuating, as stated in the article Inflation rises to 5 per cent, found in the Saturday Guardian on the 27th February, 2010. The article gave the information given in the report done by the Central Statistical Office; it stated that headline inflation rose by 3. 7 per cent in the 12 months to January 2010 from the 1. 3 per cent a month earlier. Food price inflation rose by 2. per cent on a year on year basis in January following a decline of 0. 2 per cent in December 2009. Core inflation which excludes the impact of food prices, rose to 4. 2 per cent (year on year) in January from 2. 2 per cent in December. On a monthly basis, core inflation rose by 2. 2 per cent in January 2010, following an increase of 0. 1 per cent in December 2009 and three consecutive monthly declines. So we clearly see that inflation is present in the economy, and from the article it is quite unpredictable. What we need to ask ourselves is how we can deal with inflation? What we can do to make inflation easier? What can the government do what will the Central Bank do to deal with inflation? THE QUESTION INFLATION IS ON THE RISE, SO WHAT CAN BE DONE BY THE CENTRAL BANK OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TO CONTROL INFLATION? LIMITATIONS/ CHALLENGES -My first challenge was that it was quite difficult to find an article that was appropriate, and dealt with the topics being covered this semester. -It was also a bit difficult to make sense of the article, and then to find literature to support it. Literature was found but making the link was quite difficult. LITERATURE REVIEW Austrian economists maintain that inflation is by definition always and everywhere simply an increase in the money supply (i. e. units of currency or means of exchange), which in turn leads to a higher nominal price level for assets (such as housing) and other goods and services in demand, as the real value of each monetary unit is eroded, loses purchasing power and thus buys fewer goods and services. Ludwig von Mises (cited in Wikiedia, 2010), the seminal scholar of the Austrian School, asserts that: â€Å"Inflation, as this term was always used everywhere and especially in this country, means increasing the quantity of money and bank notes in circulation and the quantity of bank deposits subject to check. But people today use the term `inflation' to refer to the phenomenon that is an inevitable consequence of inflation, that is the tendency of all prices and wage rates to rise. The result of this deplorable confusion is that there is no term left to signify the cause of this rise in prices and wages. There is no longer any word available to signify the phenomenon that has been, up to now, called inflation. . . . As you cannot talk about something that has no name, you cannot fight it. Those who pretend to fight inflation are in fact only fighting what is the inevitable consequence of inflation, rising prices. Their ventures are doomed to failure because they do not attack the root of the evil. They try to keep prices low while firmly committed to a policy of increasing the quantity of money that must necessarily make them soar. As long as this terminological confusion is not entirely wiped out, there cannot be any question of stopping inflation. † Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. — Milton Friedman, (1963). Friedman maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply mainly that the phenomenon of inflation is to be regulated by controlling the amount of money put into the national economy by the Federal Reserve Bank. Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management; and he held that the government's role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely. Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression, which he termed the Great Contraction, arguing that it had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve. Inflation and monetary policy are closely related concepts wherein the latter can be used efficiently to reduce the effect of the former. Inflation is thought of as the rise in prices and wages that reduces the purchasing power of money. Monetary policy is the regulation adopted by the central bank, currency board or other regulatory authority which stabilizes the prices and maximizes production and employment of the country. Inflation is characterized by an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. As a consequence, the purchasing power of money will fall. Most of the countries in the world try to sustain an inflation rate between 2 and 3 percent. The Fisher's equation depicts that proportional relation that exists between money supply and the price level. Monetary policy is a regulation of a central bank or any regulatory authority, which ascertains the size and growth rate of the money supply. Monetary policy directly influences the interest rates which in turn has a negative relation with the price level. In the face of inflation the central bank of the country generally resorts to a rise in the cash reserve ratio, repo rate and reverse repo rate. So the basic idea is to reduce the money supply in the economy. To this end government securities are also issued so as to mop up the excess money supply from the mass. This would reduce aggregate demand. This reduction would again help reduce the price level. Monetary policy is adopted with an objective to make the most of production and employment and consequently stabilize the price level of a country. Monetary policy also regulates the interest rate, availability of credit and at the same time promotes the overall economic growth of a country. Monetary policy facilitates establishing trade relationships with other countries. The Central Bank conducts monetary policy with the objective of maintaining a low and stable rate of inflation, an orderly foreign exchange market and an adequate level of foreign exchange reserves. The conduct of monetary policy is influenced significantly by the pace of real economic activity, the fiscal operations of the government, capital flows and the operations of the commercial banks. In order to achieve the goals of monetary policy, the Central Bank’s actions are designed to influence the level of liquidity in the banking system, which indirectly affects the level of interest rates and, ultimately, the overall demand for goods and services in the economy. The Monetary Policy Committee comprising the Governor and Deputy Governor deals with monetary policy matters including the setting of the â€Å"repo rate† which is announced on the first Thursday of each month. The Monetary Policy Support Committee, which is chaired by the Deputy Governor, Research and Policy, and includes senior staff of the Research, Domestic Market and Financial Institutions Supervision Departments, provides advice to the Monetary Policy Committee. This information was taken from the central bank of Trinidad and Tobago website. Governments have different areas of policy which they can use to regulate the economy. Here we will look at how they affect inflation. One policy is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is based upon demand management, i. e. raising or lowering the level of aggregate demand. The most obvious policy is that governments should reduce government expenditure and raise taxes. It should be stated here that this policy will be successful only against demand inflation. Fiscal policy was the chief counter- inflationary measure in the 1950’s and 1960’s. One of the reasons for its failure then was the clash of objectives. Another policy is monetary policy. For many years monetary policy was seen as only supplementary to fiscal policy. The Radcliffe report’s conclusion, that ‘money is not important’, was widened into ‘money does not matter’. If m0onetary policy had a role, Keynesians saw it as being through the rate of interest. The monetarist prescription is to control the supply of money. This, as we have seen, was believed to be the only way in which inflation could be controlled. Then there is the direct intervention: prices and income policy. A price and income policy is where the government takes measures to restrict the increase in wages (income) and prices. (Beardshaw, Brewster, Cormack and Ross. 2001, p. 559-62). GLOSSARY OF TERMS CORE INFLATION- The component of measured inflation that has no medium to long-run impact on real output. It is usually derived by omitting volatile changes in the prices of certain items such as food and energy. FISCAL POLICY- refers to the expenditure a government undertakes to provide goods and services and to the way in which the government finances these expenditures. HEADLINE INFLATION- Inflation, as measured by the change in the overall retail prices index, is sometimes called â€Å"headline† inflation. INFLATION- Inflation is a sustained increase in the general level of prices. Since inflation is concerned with increases in the general level of prices, changes in the price of a single good or service cannot be characterized as inflation. The inflation rate is normally measured by percentage changes in the cost of a basket of consumer goods and services. LIQUIDITY- The level of cash or near cash assets of financial institutions readily available to meet day-to-day transaction needs. REPO RATE- Discount rate at which a central bank repurchases government securities from the commercial banks, depending on the level of money supply it decides to maintain in the country's monetary system. MOVEMENT OF SELECTED CATEGORIES OF THE INDEX OF RETAIL PRICES /Percentage Change/ MonthlyYear-on-Year December 2009January 2010 December 2009 January 2010 Headline Inflation(0. 1)1. 91. 33. 7 Food Prices(0. 3)1. 3(0. 2)2. 7 Bread and Cereals(0. 9)(0. 2)(7. 7)(6. 6) Meat(0. 2) (0. 8)(1. 0)(2. 4) Fish4. 2 3. 23. 7(0. 8) Vegetables (0. 1) (1. 6)(1. 3)1. 0 Fruits0. 4 11. 728. 537. 2 Milk, Cheese & Eggs(0. 4)(0. 1)(10. 2)(9. 7) Oils and Fats(0. 8)0. 3(0. 7)(1. 5) Sugar, Jam, Confectionery, etc0. 2 0. 61. 70. 7 Core Inflation0. 1 2. 22. 24. 2 Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco0. 60. 114. 014. 0 Clothing and Footwear0. 10. 7(1. 5)(1. 0) Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine Maintenance0. 00. 32. 21. 0 Health0. 1 0. 26. 76. 6 Of which: Medical Services0. 0 0. 414. 114. 0 Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels0. 0(0. 1)1. 41. 1 Of which:: Rent0. 0 4. 22. 86. 5 Home Ownership 0. 0 (0. 8)0. 7(0. 2) Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels0. 00. 02. 92. 9 Education0. 0 0. 03. 23. 2 Recreation & Culture0. 0(0. 3)(5. 7)3. 1 Hotels, Cafes & Restaurants0. 0 0. 53. 83. 0 Transport0. 0 10. 04. 39. 5 Source: Central Statistical Office. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)Inflation, http://www. vision2020. info. tt/pdf/Statistics/inflation. pdf, cited on13th March, 2010. 2)Monetary Inflation – quantity theory, http://tutor2u. net/economics/content/topics/inflation/quantity_theory. tm, cited on 13th March, 2010 3)Milton Friedman, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Milton_Friedman, cited on 13th March, 2010 4)Inflation and Monetary policy, http://www. economywatch. com/inflation/economy/monetary-policy. html, cited on 13th March, 2010 5) Monetary policy, http://www. central-bank. org. tt/monetary_policy/index. php, cited on 13th March, 2010 6)Economics a Student’s Guide, (fifth edition), by Beardsh aw, Brewster, Cormack, Ross, pg 559-562. 7)The Basics Economics, by Tony Cleaver, pg 111-138 8)Economics, (11th edition), Lipsey and Crystal.

Askari Bank Report

Company Profile |Products |Sell Offers |Buy Offers |Contact Details | |Askari Bank, one of the leading banks of Pakistan. The bank was founded in 1992, and in the 18 years since, our growth and success patterns have far outgrown industry standards. Askari Bank has expanded into a nationwide presence of 150 branches, and an offshore banking Unit in Bahrain. A shared network of over 1,100 online ATMs covering all major cities in Pakistan supports the delivery channels for customer service. As on December 31, 2007, the bank had equity of PKR 12. 27 billion and total assets of PKR 182. 17 billion, with over 800,000 banking customers, serviced by 6,808 employees. We have reinforced our products with new deposit schemes bearing competitive rates of return and packed with excellent service of first choice. Our modern electronic banking services have been developed with hard work, feedback from stakeholders and research providing better banking solutions. Askaribank continuous growth over the years is based on service to communities and customers by friendly, professional and experienced bankers trained to deliver exceptional banking services. [pic] Corporate Information Askari Bank was incorporated in Pakistan on October 9, 1991, as a public limited company. It commenced operation on April 1, 1992, and is principally engaged in the business of banking, as defined in the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962. The Bank is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Stock Exchanges. Since inception, the bank has concentrated on growth through improving service quality, investment in technology and people, utilizing its extensive branch network which includes Islamic and Agricultural banking. Corporate Social Responsibility is an integral part of the way we do business. In order to fulfill our CSR objectives, we attempt to promote public interest by encouraging community growth and development through sponsoring social service events, supporting education, sports, and environment and also contribute in socio-cultural activities. Awards and Achievements    |   | | » |â€Å"Best Retail Bank in Pakistan† by The Asian Banker. | |   |   | | » |†1st Consumer Choice Award† by the Consumer Association of Pakistan. 2004 | |   |   | | » |†Corporate Excellence Award† by the Management Association of Pakistan (MAP). 002, 2003 & 2004. | |   |   | | » |â€Å"The Best Bank in Pakistan† by Global Finance magazine. 2 001 and 2002. | |   |   | | » |â€Å"Best Consumer Internet Bank† Global Finance magazine. 2002 and 2003. | |   |   | | » |†Euromoney and Asiamoney Awards† 1994, 1996 and 1997. | |   |   | | » |â€Å"Best Presented Annual Accounts† by (ICAP) and (ICAMP). 000, 2001and 2002. | |   |   | | » |â€Å"The Best Presented Annual Accounts† by South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA), in the SAARC region. | |   |   | | » |â€Å"The Best Consumer Banking Award 2006† by the Consumer Association of Pakistan. 007 | |   |   | | » |â€Å"The Best Retail Banking Award 2008† by Pakistan Guarantee Export Corporation Ltd. 2008 | |   |   | | » |†Best Corporate Report Award for the year 2008†³ by ICAP & ICMAP. 008 | |   |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  [p|Branch network | |ic]| | |   | | [pic] | | | | » | |All Branches: | |202 | | | |[pic] | | | | » | |North Region: | |68 | | | |[p ic] | | | | » | Center Region: | |66 | | | |[pic] | | | | » | |South Region: | |68 | | | |[pic] | | | [pic][pic][pic][pic] Top of Form [pic][pic] Bottom of Form †¢ Home †¢ Reports o Accounting o Management o Marketing †¢ Articles †¢ Internship †¢ Presentations Askari Bank Internship Report Posted by reports On September – 22 – 2010 Comments Off EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The Department of Administrative Sciences offers Masters degree in Business Administration. They are giving the best education and are offering for specialization, financial management, marketing management, human resource management and computer application to business. An important program is six to eight weeks internship with any recognized institution. I decided to take up Askari Bank Limited for my internship because it is a competing Bank nowadays and gives a good training to the internees. So in order to learn more this was my choice. This report is about my internship that I have undergone at Askari Bank Limited Multan Branch from 2nd June 2008 to 18th July 08. During my internship I am able to learn practical aspect of business, and get good working experience. On the very first day of my internship I reported to Operation Manager Mr. Noor ul Islam. He gave me small introduction of the Bank and introduced me to the staff of the Bank. Every internee is rotated among the Bank’s departments and so was I. This rotation is done in order to have general concept regarding Bank’s functions, operations and policies. In this rotation the stay in department is usually a week. I have learned more about the Basic Banking, Credits and Foreign Trade department and have given below the caption of activities I was involved in during the period of six weeks. During my internship I found that Askari Bank is a best Bank in Multan because most of the Exports and Imports in Multan are done through this Bank. Multan is one of the cotton growing cities of Pakistan. Most of the businesses in Multan are directly or indirectly linked to cotton that is also the case with Askari Bank’s clients. Because Multan is an Agricultural City, and its major export is Cotton and Mango. So its export is done on seasonal basis. In the season of cotton and Mango export Askari Bank get its target easily but difficult for it to get its target in the off season. Low profit rates used to be one of the major reasons for not meeting the deposit targets. The profit rates on Askari deposit schemes were quite low when compared with other Banks especially with the National Saving Centers, but now Askari Bank is giving a comparatively high profit rates to its customers. In today’s every customer is a rational customer, he knows the value of money and wants a best return on his money. INTRODUCTION TO BANK: Askari Bank Limited (AKBL) works as a Unit of Army Welfare Trust was established for the Welfare of Army Officials. The office of Army Welfare Trust is situated at AWT Plaza, Rawalpindi. AWT offers the â€Å"AWT Saving Scheme† to the army officials only. AWT has its units as under: †¢ Askari Associates. †¢ Askari Leasing. †¢ Askari General. †¢ Private Business. †¢ Textile Mills. †¢ Cement Industry. †¢ Askari Commercial Bank. Askari Bank Limited was incorporated on October 9, 1991, as a Public Limited Company, and is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Stock Exchanges. The Bank obtained business commencement certificate on February 26, 1992 and started operations form April 1, 1992. Askari Bank is scheduled Commercial Bank and is principally engaged in the business of Banking as defined in the Banking Companies Ordinance 1962. Askari Bank Limited continues to scale new heights in all areas of its operations. The safety and security of depositor’s funds, high productivity and optimum use of technology are the hallmarks of its corporate strength. In 1994, AKBL earned international recognition as Asia Money Award and the title of â€Å"Best Commercial Bank of Pakistan† for the year 1994, while Euro money declared the Bank as best domestic Bank of Pakistan for the year 1995. ASKARI BANK LIMITED MULTAN Askari Bank Limited Multan was inaugurated on December 28,1994. It is located on Abdali Road Opposite to PIA Office. The location is connected to all the main trade centers in Multan. It is a prosperous branch streaming towards great achievements. At the time of its establishment the factored who were considered are as follows †¢ Multan is zone covering a large population. †¢ Multan City is linked to many big cities. Agro based area constituting growers and gainers †¢ Army Offices & Fort Colony †¢ Educational Institution DEPARTMENTS: The bank has following department: †¢ Account Opening department †¢ ATM Department †¢ Credit Card Department †¢ Account Department †¢ Credit Department †¢ Remittance Department †¢ Foreign Trade Department †¢ Cash Department ACCOUNT OPENING DEPARTME NT Borrowing funds from different sources has become an essential feature of today’s business enterprises. But in the case of a bank borrowing funds from outside parties is al l the more vital because the entire banking system is based on it. The borrowed capital of a bank is much greater their own capital. Banks borrowing is mostly in the form of deposits. These deposits are lent out to different parties. Such deposit creation is done through opening an account in the Bank. In AKBL Multan Mr. Sheeraz Hassan is operating the account opening department along with performing some auxiliary functions of Check Book Issuing TYPES OF ACCOUNTS In AKBL, there are the following types of accounts: †¢ Current account. †¢ Saving Account. †¢ Askari Special Deposit Account. (ASDA) †¢ Basic Banking account †¢ Term Deposit. CURRENT ACCOUNT In current account there is no interest on it. It is for only transaction purposes. They are paid on demand. When a banker accepts a demand deposit, he incurs the obligation of the paying all cheques drawn against him to the extended of the balance in the account. As there is no profit paid on this account it is also called chequing account because cheques can be drawn on it. Current account is mostly opened for business. SAVING ACCOUNT The purpose of this account is to induce the habit of saving individuals in the neighborhood. The minimum deposit for opening the account is Rs. 1050/- (as obvious in the Annexure). Though individuals open such accounts for saving purpose, persons belonging to Armed forces and different military institutions are free to use this account on current basis. ASKARI SPECIAL DEPOSIT ACCOUNTANT ASDA account is an interest bearing current account interest is paid. The payment of return is monthly, where as the rate of return with aspect to the amount of minimum deposit clear from deposit schedules in following table). It is also chequing account because cheques can be drawn on it. It is necessary for this account that the client must maintain a minimum balance of Rs. 0,000 at the end of the month. That’s why it is similar to current account. It is mostly opened by Business but individuals too open this account. Tax of 0. 3% would be deducted on ASDA if withdrawals are more than Rs. 25,000. TERM DEPOSITS A term deposit is a deposit that is made for a certain periods of time at the end of the specific period. the customer   is allowed to with draw the principle a mount . AKBLs Term deposits are of types clear in the deposit scheme in the table). One of them is â€Å"Askari† Advantage one month. The rate of return on this account is set by head office. The term deposit account vary one month to 1 year for all following accounts (as clear from Deposit Scheme in the table). †¢ The amount of profit is given to depositors in three ways: †¢ By cash †¢ By sending a bank Draft to depositors Home address or Officers or whichever is specified as mailing Address. †¢ The amount is credited in any one of the checking Accounts of the depositor. ACCOUNT OPENING PROCEDURE Fro the chequing accounts (C/A, ASDA, SAVING), there are different types of account holders are required for all these types of account holders. The operation /procedure requirement that is needed for † Individual Account † differ greatly from † Joint account † proprietorship â€Å"Partner ship â€Å", â€Å"Limited Company† and â€Å"Club society   or Association † as explained below. INDIVIDUAL’S ACCOUNT When a single man or women opens an account in his/her own name and has the right to operate it is called individual Account. DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENT For literate person copy of National Identity Card is required as a primary requirement. For illiterate person and Veiled Women, along with the copy of National Identity Card requirement he or she must come in person for opening the account. OPERATION †¢ The person place a â€Å"Check Mark † in the type of account and type of operation required †¢ He/She fills in part-I of the form , a fix his /her either two or four similar signature   (or thumb expression   in the signature space and get it introduced and signed by a person   who already has an account with the bank and write his account no in the specific rows in a specific space. †¢ The person fills in â€Å"next of Kin † position where he/she father, mother, husband/wife or any other relative’s name, his /her address, phone no and affix his/her signature to certify this requirement. This requirement is needed because in his/her absence bank can have correspondence with the specific person. †¢ The person put her /his signature († or thumb expression) on the signature Specimen Card (SS CARD) similar in the area on the form. One the back of S. S card mailing address, telephone no, Person to contact and introducer space is filled in. All these requirement are necessary for future †¢ The person deposits the initial amount for opening account on to the cash counter. The person put his signature on form -A (check book requisition) on two places in â€Å"authorized signature† and fills in the â€Å"Title of Account space by writing his name. †¢ If the person put his signature in Urdu or any language other than English, he signed a â€Å"Vernacular form† where under take that affixed signature are original and his own signature and two postal size photos are needed. †¢ The next day is the opening of account. JOINT ACCOUNT When two or more persons, neither partners, nor trustees, open an in their name is called joint Account. Husband and wife or two persons of same sex can open joint account. DOCUMENTATION For joint account copy of National Identity Card of all the persons is obtained other things remaining same as in individuals account. OPERATION †¢ The person checks the type of amount and type of operation required in the respective box on the form. †¢ The persons fill in the Part-I and part-II in the form. †¢ Signatures of both persons are obtained on the form in the area specified for signature and S. S. Card. †¢ In the title of account space names of all the persons are mentioned. †¢ Accounts holder specified in the form that they will operate the form singly or jointly. PROPRIETORSHIP ACCOUNT When an owner of a firm operating singly, opens an account in his firm name, this account is called a proprietorship Account the proper himself liable for all his acts. DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED For this kind of account, an application for opening the account on the firm letter -pad (having the firm name) is required along with the NIC Card of proprietor. OPERATION All operation remains the same except that the firm name is written in the â€Å"Title of the Account† area and signature of the proprietor are affixed in the S. S. Card and the area specified for signatures on the form. PARTNER SHIP ACCOUNT The account is opened in the firm name and all partner designate one two persons to act on behalf of the partner ship firmer all acts on behalf of firm. The partners in the partnership firm are liable for the acts of the firm jointly and severely. Every partner has in a firm has an implied authority bind his co. partners by drawing and enclosed cheques. DOCUMENTATIONS †¢ Copy of N. I. C card of all partners †¢ Application to open the account on the firm letter pad. †¢ Partner ship deed in case registered partnership firm. †¢ Letter showing the implied Authority of one or more partners to act on behalf of the firm. In case of non -registered partnership firm, understanding on behalf of the firm to remain liable for all acts of the firm. †¢ Name, address of all partners is written on the pad. OPERATION All other requirement remain same except that the form is dully signed by all partners cards are signed by all those partners who will act on behalf of the firm and along filling part-I , Part-Iv is also filled. LIMITED COMPANY ACCOUNT This account is for limited companies. In order to facilitate their transaction with outside parties, bank provides many facilities. DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED Memorandum of Association. †¢ Articles of the Association †¢ Resolution of the Board of Director. †¢ Certificate of Incorporation. †¢ Certificate of commencement of business †¢ N-I-C OPERATION The persons authorized in the Resolution of the Board of Directors put their signatures on S. S Cards. Next of kin â€Å"requirement â€Å"is not need in case of a Limited Company. After completing each and every formality, introducer signature is verified by S. S card and is stamped â€Å"Verified† customer signatures are admitted by stamping â€Å"Admitting† near signature and again signatures on S. S card are admitted in the same way. The same process of verification and admission of the signatures is repeated on Form-A and next of Kin area. After completing each and every formality, Accountant is open in the computer by writing name, address, A/C Number etc. LETTER OF THE THANKS At the start of the letter 2nd day, AKBL issues letter of thanks to â€Å"Account opener† and â€Å"account opener† and † Account Introducer † for the trust the have on AKBL. CHECK BOOK ISSUING Check books are issued only for checking account such as current Account, saving Account and ASDA Account. They are not issued for other fixed and term deposits because of their Long term Accounts â€Å"nature. † ISSUING PROCEDURE †¢ Signatures on cheque – book requisition are verified by matching with signatures on SS. †¢ Cheque – book leaves number, account number, account holder’s name are mentioned in the cheque- book is made by mentioning the and the total of sum of excise duty and provincial tax. †¢ The name of A/c holder and date of cheque – book issuance is written on cheque – book requisition the account-opening officer puts his initials on requisition leave. A/c number is stamped over the leaves of cheque – book and finally authorized person affix his   signature over the debit voucher   and he voucher is attached from the cheque book and is handed   over to the customer . RECEIVING INWARD CHEQUES Another responsibility and function of account Opening Department is to receive Inward cheques for collection of o ther Banks as well as of AKBL . Then these cheques are sent to clearing official who clears these checks at SBP from other banks. ACCOUNT CLOSING Account is closed on the written request of the customer AKBL free of cost. But to surrender the cheque book yet if some leaves are yet to be write to the bank as a necessary requirements for closing the account. PROCEDURE †¢ The customer for individuals account write an application to the manager of the bank an a simple paper about the closing of his account with the bank (In case of proprietor ship partnership and limited company account the application should be written an firm or company letter –head) †¢ The individual or in case of other type- proprietor firm and company surrender the cheque book to the bank. The cheque book is then torn from one side and is attached with the application. †¢ In case of Ltd. Company account resolution of the board of directors is also obtained to attach it with the application. †¢ The account opening form of the account holder is taken from the account-opening file, and the application, cheque book, and resolution of board of directors in case of limited company account are attached with the fo rm. †¢ Lastly, it is written in â€Å"Red Ink on the form that account closed† and â€Å"Date of account closing. † EVERYDAY POSTING Following transaction of cheque book is posted:- Dr_____________ party A/c  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   50(for 10 leaves) Rs 5/leave. ATM- CARDS DEPARTMENT This department deals in issuing   ATM-Card, term deposits and Askari Bachat Certificate. Mr. Sheeraz Hassan deals this department. ATM CARD ATM – Cards are only issue to Account Holder ISSUING PROCEDURE †¢ The person, first open the account within the blank. †¢ Then he fills the ATM application form in which name of account holder, Fathers name account number and   N. I. Card number are mentioned. †¢ A copy of N. I. card is also attached with the application form. After completing this process, the application package is sent to head office †¢ ACBL head office takes a period of 3-4 weeks for preparing and processing of ATM – cards. First, list of card holder is issued and then after 15 days cards are send to ACBL’s issuing branch. The card and list are not sent si multaneously in order to avoid any mishandling. †¢ ACBL takes Rs. 350/- for 1st time issuance as charges for a card †¢ Biannually takes Rs 75. ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT Accounts department is a department which deals and checks all the activity of all the department . It also deals in expression of finance of the bank. Salary payment is also one function of the bank. CHECKING BANK’S DAILY ACTIVITY Accounts department deals and checks the entire working of the Branch; all the vouchers that have been posted at the computer are scrutinized in accounts department. The â€Å"End of Day† i. e. computer print is also received from the computer. The next day the activity is separated some statements from the â€Å"End of Day†. Then next day activity separated some statements from the â€Å"End of Day†. The vouchers are sorted   out head wise. The vouchers are matched with the entries in the statements. Any abnormality if occurs, is immediately dealt with. All the vouchers and instruction are checked individually are checked individually against the computer printouts. After checking they are signed by Mr. .Naeem Shehzad and the internal auditor Mr. Shafiq. OTHER ACTIVITIES †¢ Preparation of daily bank positions statement †¢ Payment of salaries †¢ Preparation of the statements †¢ Depreciation calculation †¢ Lockers Issuance REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT: The need of remittance is commonly felt is commercial life particularly and in everyday life generally. The main function of the remittance department is to transmit money from one place to another. By providing this service to the customer, Bank earns a lot of income. Also customer is able to meet its day to day financial requirements. Demand Draft: It is an instrument payable on demand for which value has been received, issued by the branch of the Bank drawn i. e. payable at some other place (branch) of the same Bank. If two Banks are involved then the DD is sent to other Bank but in other case it is handed over to the applicant. Issuance Procedure: A demand draft application is given to the customer, he fills in relevant information and signs it. †¢ The officer checks the information form. †¢ The Bank charges such as commission, excise duty is charged as per effective schedule of charges. If he fills the tax exemption form, tax is not charged. †¢ In case of cash deposit, the cashier counts the amount and signs the DD application and enters it in the register. †¢ Then the officer of remittance department signs it and operation manager counter signs it. †¢ The entry is made in the DD issuing register, DD is given to the customer. Vouchers are prepared and posted. †¢ DD advises are printed and mailed to the respective branch. Payment Procedure: †¢ The Bank receives DD. †¢ The DD credit advice is received through mail. The numbers are checked and signatures are verified. †¢ An entry is made on the DD payable register and the vouchers are made. †¢ DD credit is attached with the vouchers and given for posting to the computer. †¢ When DD is received the test numbers are checked and the payment is made. †¢ Vouchers are given for posting and the entry that was made in the register is closed i. e. DD payable is Nil. Pay Order: It is an instrument issued for payment in same city. Pay order issued from on e branch can only be payable from the same branch. It is normally referred to as Banker’s cheque. It is also called confirmed cheque, because   Bank issues this on it own guarantee. Issuance Procedure: †¢ The standard form is given to the customer. He fills in the details and signs it. †¢ The concerned officer checks the form. †¢ Bank charges (or commission) as per the schedule of charges and the withholding tax of 0. 3% are applied. †¢ The cash amount of the pay order is received. A cash memo is signed, stamped and handed over to the applicant as a receipt. †¢ Then the pay order receipt is filled accordingly. †¢ Counter foil is also filled. †¢ An entry is made in the pay order issue register. †¢ Then the authorized officer signs it after checking the pay order. †¢ The order is then handed over to the applicant after obtaining his signature on the PO Form. †¢ A voucher is also made and posted at the computer. Payment Procedure: †¢ On presentation of the pay order receipt, two authorized officers of the branch sign the receipt. †¢ PO entry is made in the PO issue register. Then the amount is credited to the account of the customer or pain in cash. †¢ PO is posted at the computer. Outward Bills for Collection: The bills, which are received by the Bank and sent to other cities (branches) for the local clearing in that city, are called Outward Bills for Collection. Procedure: †¢ The cheques that are of other cities are separated. †¢ They are entered in the OBC Register and OBC numbers are given to them. †¢ The OBC forwarding schedules are prepared for different branches. †¢ The respective cheques are attached with the schedule. †¢ The office copy is filled and original schedule is mailed. On clearing, the respective Banks send back the OBCs along with the IBCA (Inter Branch Credit Advice). †¢ The OBC numbers are checked from the OBC register, after that entries are made. †¢ Commission charges are deducted from the account. Inward Bills for Collection: The bills, which are received by the Bank from other branches out of the city for local clearing are called Inward Bills for Collection. Procedure: †¢ The OBC of other branches will be the IBC of this branch. So an OBC forwarding schedule is received by mail. †¢ The cheques are entered in the IBC register. The IBC numbers are allotted to them. †¢ The cheques are lodged for clearing. †¢ After realization, an IBCA is prepared and mailed to the branch from where the cheque was received. †¢ At the end of the day, two vouchers are prepared and posted. FOREIGN TRADE DEPARTMENT Foreign trade department deals in: †¢ Foreign currency account †¢ Exports †¢ Imports FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNT Mainly this account deals in individual, personal and companies account CRITERIA FOR OPENING FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNT There are not hard and fast rules for becoming the Foreign Currency Account holder. Bank wants only introduction of the Client and very little about the background. I. D card is also not necessary, if someone has; well and good, otherwise no restriction will be there for him. FEATURES OF FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNTS †¢ There will be legal protection for the account holders. †¢ According to foreign exchange rules and regulation every citizen of Pakistan, either within the Pakistan or outside the Pakistan, can open the foreign currency account. †¢ Resident firms and Resident Companies including investment Banks can open Foreign Currency Accounts. All foreign nationals and foreign Companies in Pakistan or abroad can open Foreign Currency Accounts. †¢ Opening of Foreign Currency Accounts in the joint names of residents/non-residents is permissible. Foreign Currency can be deposited by: †¢ Remittance received from abroad †¢ Foreign Currency Notes †¢ There will be no restriction and questioning to him about the currency, which he wants to d eposit that from where he got that money. †¢ No Zakat will be deducted on these accounts; no Income Tax deduction, no Wealth Tax deduction will be there. These incentives reinforce and motivated the people to invest in foreign currency accounts rather to keep the foreign currency idle. †¢ Foreign currency accounts can easily be transferred from one person to another, one place to another, with in the ACBL Branches or in other Bank. †¢ The account holder can transfer the funds freely, in any currency to any part of the world. †¢ Foreign currency Accounts can be used for payment of purchases at Duty Free shops. FACILITIES This account provides following facilities: †¢ Traveling quota †¢ Out ward remittances †¢ In ward remittances receiving To make remittances procedure flexible EXPORT Mainly export deals in: †¢ Negotiation of documents †¢ Sending the documents for collection †¢ Pre-shipment financing †¢ Post-shipment financing â⠂¬ ¢ Remittance against agent commission †¢ Forward covered booking †¢ Handling the documents for negotiation according to the UCP 500 (uniform custom and practices) †¢ Handling the documents for collection according to URR (uniform rules for collection) †¢ Submission of monthly returns to SBP regarding the export on form A-2/O-2 IMPORT †¢ Opening the letter of credit Scrutinize the documents receive from flowing bank under letter of credit. Account to UCP 500 and extending the credit facility to the importer informs FIM (finance against imported merchandise) FATR (finance against trust receipt). †¢ Arrange forward cover booking regarding import payments †¢ Also arrange forward cover booking for letter of credit open other then ACBL †¢ Submission of monthly returns to SBP regarding the import on form I SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) analysis of AKBL is described below: Strengths: AKBL has got a well-develope d on-line system in most of its branches. Remittance Department is working very efficiently in transferring the funds of people due to this system. †¢ The Bank has also started ATM facility in most of its branches. 24-hour Banking is new trend in Pakistan and AKBL has also taken apart in this trend. †¢ One distinctive feature of the Bank is that it is the only Bank working for the welfare of army officers, which was established by Army Welfare Trust. †¢ The productivity of the Bank is very good. Bank is providing a high quality service to its customers. AKBL have strength that most of the imports which are done in Multan are handle by AKBL Multan. Weaknesses: †¢ AKBL has lesser number of branches as compared to many other branches. Due to this problem, army officers can not avail the benefits of their own Bank. †¢ The human resource department is not performing the function of selection and recruitment very effectively. Selection process is not on merit due to which competent persons cannot be selected. †¢ Bank should boost the product development and increase the range of facilities offered for customers. Bank is weak in its credit management. Bank should lend to very sound parties and increase its payment rate. Opportunities: †¢ Govt. is taking very bold steps to promote IT in Pakistan. AKBL has an opportunity to improve in technology. †¢ AKBL is surrounded by many competitors. It has an opportunity to do aggressive marketing to increase its business. †¢ AKBL may increase its branches in competitive areas Threats: †¢ AKBL has many competitors, which are continuously increasing its products and marketing aggressively. It may cause its customers to shift to competitors. Some other Banks have competent taskforce, which is also a threat for AKBL. Because human resource is the most valuable resource. †¢ Due to the increased bad situation of Pakistan in which army is considered to be involved increase the freq uency of withdrawals, which would decrease deposits. Financial Analysis: Financial Highlights The current year’s profit (2007) after taxation of the bank stood at Rs. 2,681,012 as compared to Rs. 2,249,974 for last year. The deposits decreased by 16. 49% to Rs. 11,197,424 as against Rs. 13,044,593 as on 31 Dec 2006. The loans and advances figure stood at R. 5,521,030 reflect on the improving market image of Askari Bank as a formidable financial institution. Ratio Analysis The information contained in the four basic financial statements is of major significance to various interested parties who regularly need to have relative measures of the company’s operating efficiency. Relative is the key word here, because the analysis of financial statements is based on the use of ratios or relative values. Ratio analysis involves methods of calculating and interpreting financial ratios to analyze and monitor the firm’s performance. The basic inputs to ratio analysis are the firm’s income statement and balance sheet. |Ratios |2007 |2006 | |Current ratio |1. 03 |1. 04 | |Total asst turnover |0. 11 |0. 09 | |Debt ratio |0. 93 |0. 3 | |Gross Profit margin |0. 11 |0. 22 | |Operating profit margin |0. 21 |0. 12 | |Net profit margin |0. 22 |0. 26 | |ROA |0. 02 |0. 02 | Earning asset to total assets Earning assets are the assets which are very important for any company for the bank earning assets are the assets on which bank can earn its profit which may includes loans, advances, operating fixed assets and other assets on the loans and advances bank can make profit by giving or investing in some where so Askari Bank has increased it’s earning assets in the year 2007 as compared to the previous year that show the good trend in the profitability of the Askari bank and the customer believe on the Bank. Ratio tells that on what percentage earning assets contribute the total assets. Well bank also has increased it’s earning assets ratio shows the more profitability of the bank as it can be shown by the profit and loss account of the 2007 that shows the net mark up income more for the year as compared to the previous year so bank is going gradually to the more profitability by giving more advances and loans. Earning assets ASSETS |2007 | | | | |Cash |13356055 | |Balances with other banks |3497054 | |Lending |14444143 | |Investments |39431005 | |Advances |100780162 | |Operating fixed assets |5128428 | |Total earning Assets |176636847 | |Other assets |5535038 | | | | |TOTAL |182171885 | Total Earning Assets:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rs. 176636847 Formula: Earning Assets / Total Assets = 176636847 / 182171885 = 0. 969616 Return on earning asset This ratio indicates the how much of earn ing assets take part in making of the profit before taxation. This ratio is decreased during the year. Why   is it so it has different reasons these are as follows Profit before taxation was more in the previous year as compared to the year 2007 because bank has low expenses and less provision for the bad debts and also bank has small investments and limited loans and advances but in 2007 situation has changed and bank increased its loans and advances. Earning assets were also low in the previous year as compared to the 2007 so overall ratio has been decreased but shows the good trend for the making of long term planning Formula: Profit after tax / earning assets = 2,681,012 / 176636847 = . 015 Loan loss coverage ratio This important figure is a reserve account to cover unexpected defaults on loans by borrowers. These are generally referred to as no performing loans. The higher the no performing loan and charge-off percentages, the higher the provision for loan losses should probably be. Consequently, this would reduce net income and earnings per share. Well in the year 2007 bank’s this ratio has been increased to a great extent due to different reasons theses are as follows. Profit before taxation is low for the 2007 due to more expenses because bank is in expanding mode that’s why its expenses are increasing day by day. Provisions and bad debts also increased in the year 2007 because bank also has invested more in this year and ad more also granted more loans. Formula: Provision against non-performing loan and advances / profit (loss) before tax = 3,920,240 / 2,299,785 = 1. 70 Loan to deposit Well there is a concept that bank’s loans are its assets while its deposits are liabilities. But if a bank has low deposits then obviously it will give low loans because bank gives it’s loans by the deposits and earn on the loans then pay mark up on the deposits to the customers. Well bank has increased its loans to deposits ratio in the year 2007 showing its more deposits as well more loans and that is good for the bank to remain in the market and to penetrate in the market. But profit has not increased with the same ratio because Bank has low mark up rates Bank has more capacity for provisions Formula: Loans / deposit = 14444143 / 11,197,424 = 1. 289 Current ratio This ratio indicates the liquidity of the bank. Well this ratio has been decreased but nt much decreased during the year to a small extent due to Bank has increased its deposits so liabilities have been increased. Bank has increased its assets as well to overcome the liabilities. So overall we can say bank is the liquid enough to pay its liabilities Formula : Current assets / current liabilities = 171508419 / 166214583 = 1. 03 Debt Ratio: Debt ratio remained the same in previous year it was . 93 and in 2007 its again 0. 93. Bank has not decreased its debt ratio in 2007. Net Profit Margin: Net profit margin of a bank has been increased from 0. 12 to 0. 21. Horizontal and vertical analysis Comparing analytical data for a current period with similar computations for prior years affords some basis for judging whether the condition of the business is improving or worsening. This comparison of data over time is called as horizontal or trend analysis, to express the idea of reviewing data for a number of consecutive periods. It is distinguished from vertical analysis or static analysis which refers to the review of the financial information of only one accounting period. HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS Balance sheet accounts | |2007 | |2006 | |%age | |ASSETS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Cash | |13356055 | |14879230 |-1523175 |-10. 2369 | |balances wid other banks | |3497054 | |7333002 |-3835948 |-52. 3107 | |Lendings | |14444143 | |8392950 |6051193 |72. 9852 | |Investments | |39431005 | |28625915 |10805090 |37. 74583 | |Advances | |100780162 | |99179372 |1600790 |1. 614035 | |o. fixd assets | |5128428 | |3810331 |1318097 |34. 59272 | |defferd tax assets | | | | | | | |other assets | |5535038 | |3812788 |1722250 |45. 7036 | | | | | | | | | |TOTAL | |182171885 | |166033588 |16138297 |9. 719899 | | | | | | | | | |LIABILITIES | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |bills payable | |2627051 | |1839077 |787974 |42. 4617 | |Borrowings | |17553525 | |14964087 |2589438 |17. 30435 | |deposits&other acc | |143036707 | |131839283 |11197424 |8. 493238 | |sub-ord loans | |2997300 | |2998500 |-1200 |-0. 04002 | |liabl against assets | | | | | | | |deferred tax liab | |471519 | |736298 |-264779 |-35. 608 | |other liab | |3219796 | |2603113 |616683 |23. 69021 | | | | | | | | | |TOTAL | |169905898 | |154980358 |14925540 |9. 630601 | | | | | | | | | |Net assets | |12265987 | |11053230 |1212757 |10. 97197 | PROFIT and loss accounts |2007 | |2006 | |%age | | | | | | | | |interest earned |15143241 | |12596921 |2546320 |20. 213 83 | |interest expensed |8685624 | |6977313 |1708311 |24. 48379 | | | | | | | | |net mark up/interest income |6457617 | |5619608 |838009 |14. 1223 | | | | | | | | |loans & advances |3920240 | |1128137 |2792103 |247. 4968 | |value of investment |1501 | |376 |1125 |299. 2021 | |bad debts written off | | | | | | | |3921741 | |1128513 |2793228 |247. 14 | | | | | | | | |interest income after provision |2535876 | |4491095 |-1955219 |-43. 5355 | |Non markup/interest income | | | | | | | | | | | | | |fee,comm,brockerage income |1072868 | |1013660 |59208 |5. 41012 | |dividends income |137079 | |109326 |27753 |25. 38554 | |income from dealing in for curr |655761 | |584344 |71417 |12. 22174 | |gain on sale of inv |2361251 | |112474 |2248777 |1999. 375 | |unleasing gain |1728 | |-2308 |4036 |-174. 87 | |other income |336809 | |321758 |15051 |4. 77739 | | | | | | | | |total non markup/interest income |4565496 | |2139254 |2426242 |113. 4153 | | | | | | | | | |7101372 | |6630349 |471023 |7. 104045 | |Non markup/interest expense | | | | | | |admin exp |4789536 | |3277353 |1512183 |46. 4038 | |other pro/write offs | | | | | | |other charges |12051 | |6141 |5910 |96. 2384 | | | | | | | | |total non markup/interest expense |4801587 | |3283494 |1518093 |46. 23407 | | | | | | | | | |2299785 | |3346855 |-1047070 |-31. 852 | | | | | | | | |Profit before taxation | | | | | | | | | | | | | |current yrs |98535 | |983875 |-885340 |-89. 985 | |prior yrs |-233950 | | | | | |Deferred |-245812 | |113006 |-358818 |-317. 21 | | | | | | | | | |-381227 | |1096881 |-1478108 |-134. 756 | |Profit after taxation |2681012 | |2249974 |431038 |19. 15747 | | | | | | | | |profit brought forward |1799979 | |1617597 |182382 |11. 7487 | | | | | | | | |profit available for appr. |4480991 | |3867571 |613420 |15. 8606 | VERTICAL ANALYSIS balance sheet accounts | | |2007 | |2006 | | |ASSETS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |cash | |13356055 |7. 331567657 |14879230 |8. 961578 | |balances wid other banks |3497054 |63. 8030698 |7333002 |4. 416577 | |lendings | |14444143 |7. 928854115 |8392950 |5. 054971 | |Investments |39431005 |21. 64494538 |28625915 |17. 24104 | |advances | |100780162 |55. 32146851 |99179372 |59. 73452 | |o. fixd assets |5128428 |2. 815158881 |3810331 |2. 294916 | |defferd tax assets | | | | | |other assets |5535038 |3. 038360173 |3812788 |2. 296396 | | | | | | | |TOTAL | |182171885 | |166033588 | | | | | | | | | |LIABILITIES | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bills payable |2627051 |1. 442072689 |1839077 |1. 107654 | |Borrowings |17553525 |9. 635693784 |14964087 |9. 012687 | |deposits&other acc |143036707 |78. 51744357 |131839283 |79. 40519 | |Sub-ord loans |2997300 |1. 645314259 |2998500 |1. 80596 | |liabl against assets | | | | | |deferred tax liab |471519 |0. 258831927 |736298 |0. 443463 | |other liab | |3219796 |1. 767449461 |2603113 |1. 67823 | | | | | | | | |TOTAL | |169905898 | |154980358 | | | | | | | | | |Net assets |12265987 | |11053230 | | Findings on the basis of analysis By the horizontal or comparative analysis in which base year is taken as 2006 certain changes are measured in the Bank’s performance. Cash with other banks and balances with other banks gradually increased in the time line showing the bank’s good performance and this indicate that bank can earn more by making balances with the other banks. Lending to financial institutions not done in the last year due to more investments done by the bank and by giving more and more advances to the customers but this also has increased the bad debts and provisions of the bank as compared to the previous years. Operating assets has been decreased so that is in favor of the bank. On the liabilities side bank also has increased it’s bills payable that shows that bank has certain increased in the liabilities as well bank’s deposits also increased showing the great penetration in the market place as well customer’s believe on the bank to make deposits that’s why bank’s mark up expense has been increased. Equity also increased in the previous year but bank’s profit has been decreased because bank has invested so much and in the development process so increased in the expenses. Overall bank’s financial position in the marketplace has been increased in terms of deposits and advances. All these reasons are favorable to the bank in year 2006 because at one side bank’s assets have been increased in the form of advances and at other side markup income increased due to deposits because bank can more invest it Balance Sheet’s one portion that is Assets shows certain changes during the year. e. g Cash & balances with treasury banks have been increased that shows the bank has fulfilled and improved SBP requirements because of maintenance of foreign currency as well as Pakistani currency with other banks due to this balances with the other banks whether outside the Pakistan or inside the Pakistan have been increased. While investment have been decreased due to making balances with the other banks and so advances increased by giving more to the customers so earning power also increased. In 2007 bank not lend money to the financial institutions. Bank’s operating fixed assets have been decreased to a small extent due to this profit also is increased because bank is the service organization and for service organizations no need of more operating fixed assets. Bank’s deposits and other accounts have not been increased to the same extent as bank is giving advances. Well that shows a positive trend because bank expenses would be automatically decreased that are due to cash management. Bank’s net assets have been decreased because of less operating fixed assets and also due to increase in liabilities. Balance Sheet shows the assets are more contributed by the Advances and liabilities are more contributed y the Deposits that are favorable for the Bank. Overall result is less profit for 2007 as compared to 2006. But this has certain different reasons these are as follows Increase cash and balances with the other banks More advances Increase in deposits All these reasons are favorable to the bank in year 2007 because at one side bank’s assets have been increased in the form of advances and at other side markup income increased due to deposits because bank can more invest it. Applications of Class Room Concept: In Accounts department there was an implementation of   Financial Accounting in making balance sheets, income statements, calculation of depreciation etc †¢ In credits department there was an implementation of different categories of loans l ike personal loans, corporate loans etc which was studied in Financial Management. Recommendations: Already the bank is having a good infrastructure not much recommendations are needed as a manager but few can work :- †¢ Customers should be given some sort of facilities which can convince people for investment and go for Askari bank for Exports n Imports. †¢ Fist floor of bank is much congested, there is needed to work on that. †¢ There is not a proper environment of customer dealing on that floor that’s why customer feels difficulty in that. Accounts department was much congested, so area of that department should be extended. †¢ After biannually closing of bank there should be a get together of all the employees of bank which can give them a healthy atmosphere to work. †¢ Few of the employees used to interfere in others work so they should be strictly advised to perform their own duty well. Categories: Internship Comments are closed. 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