The Problem of Poverty in Famine, Affluence, and Morality...

Peter Singer is often regarded as one of the most productive and influential philosophers of modern times. He is well-known for his discussions of the acute social, economic, and political issues, including poverty and famines. In his â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, Singer (1972) discusses the problem of poverty and hunger, as well as the way this problem is treated in the developed world. Singer believes that charity is inseparable from morality, and no distinction can be drawn between charity and duty. The philosopher offers possible objections to his proposition and relevant arguments to justify his viewpoint. The modern world does not support Singer’s view, treating charity as a voluntary activity, an act of generosity that needs†¦show more content†¦Singer (1972) is convinced that affluent societies should give away within the limits that do not slow down their economic and social growth. Here, the concept of marginal utility comes into play. Accor ding to Singer (1972), marginal utility is â€Å"the level, at which, by giving more, I would cause as much suffering to myself or my dependents as I would relieve by my gift† (p. 241). In other words, it is a fragile boundary between being a moral person and a person, who makes his dependents suffer for the sake of saving some distant communities from poverty. Marginal utility is a measure of balance, which implies that bad things are prevented without causing other bad things to happen. Singer (1972) does not say that affluent societies should limit themselves to marginal utility, but they should avoid causing something significantly bad to their families. Certainly, the world presented by Singer (1972) differs considerably from the real order of things. In the real world, charity is not considered as a moral duty. Rather, it is a voluntary act of generosity, which is subject to public approval and praise. This position favors many society members, who can use charity as an instrument of manipulation to achieve their own purposes. Meanwhile, a consensus is emerging that charity is a negative phenomenon, which does not allow changing the situation from within. According to BBC (n.d.), charity deals with the symptoms, rather than causes, of poverty and famines. ItShow MoreRelatedFamine, Affluence and Morality1663 Words   |  7 PagesSinger’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality Ametra Heard PHI208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Instructor Zummuna Davis January 14, 2013 Singer’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality In the Peter Singer’s article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, he discusses the way that people should take moral in their help toward the support of the Bengal famine crisis. Singer states three obligations that would help the Bengal region through the means of a wealthy person, and those individuals living life on a dayRead MoreMorality of Giving Essays1074 Words   |  5 Pageswould say that although it is a good thing to do, one is not obligated to give anything. Other people would say that if a person has more than he needs, then he should donate a portion of what he has. Peter Singer, however, proposes a radically different view. His essay, â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality,† focuses on the Bengal crisis in 1971 and claims that one is morally obligated to give as much as possible. His thesis supports the idea that â€Å"We ought to give until we reach the level of marginal utilityRead MorePhi 208- Peter Singer1214 Words   |  5 Pages "Famine, Affluence, and Morality† In Peter Singer’s 1972 article titled â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, he suggests that wealthy nations have an ethical duty to contribute much more than they do to other nations who are suffering through a natural disaster, extreme poverty, famine or other issues. In this paper, I will describe Singers objective and give his argument with regards to this issue. I will describe three counter-arguments to Singer’s view which he addresses, and after that revealRead MorePHI 208 Week 2 assignment Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pages Famine, Affluence, and Morality PHI 208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Famine, Affluence, and Morality In Peter Singer’s 1972 post titled â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, he conveys that wealthy nations, for example the United States, has an ethical duty to contribute much a lot more than we do with regards to worldwide assistance for famine relief and/or other disasters or calamities which may happen. In this document, I will describe Singers objective inRead MoreA Defense Of Peter Singer s Famine Relief Argument1838 Words   |  8 PagesYaoxian Qu Chad Vance Introduction to Philosophy 12/04/2014 A Defense of Peter Singer’s Famine Relief Argument In his paper ‘Famine affluence and morality’, Peter Singer sought to provide response to a significant moral question: Is it morally permissible to not donate to famine? Singer argued that we are morally obligated to famine relief. I am deeply convinced by his argument. In this paper, I shall examine two significant objections to singer’s argument and explain why they would ultimatelyRead MorePeter Singers Argument in Famine, Affluence and Morality1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores Peter Singer’s argument, in Famine, Affluence, and Morality, that we have morally required obligations to those in need. The explanation of his argument and conclusion, if accepted, would dictate changes to our lifestyle as well as our conceptions of duty and charity, and would be particularly demanding of the affluent. In response to the central case presented by Singer, John Kekes offers his version, which he labels the and points out some objections. Revisions of the principleRead MoreFamine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer1107 Words   |  5 Pages Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer The Elements of Reason #8 1. Use two or three sentences to state the main purpose or argument in this article. In other words, what is the argument the author is making? (This should be a specific argument. We all know that the authors are writing about morality and ethics.) The main purpose or argument in this article is that Peter Singer believes that richer nations should give assistanceRead MorePeter Singer Weak 2 Argument Analysis996 Words   |  4 Pages Peter Singers, Famine, Affluence, and Morality, focuses on his solution to world hunger and poverty. This solution is as follows: â€Å"If it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything morally significant, we ought to, morally, do it† (Singer 246). He goes on to say that we should prevent suffering and death from lack of food, shelter and medical care, if it is within our ability to do so. This is known as his â€Å"weak 2† argument. Singer uses hisRead MoreFamine, Affluence, And Morality1991 Words   |  8 PagesWojtek Sokà ³Ã…‚ Phi 115-002 Ethics – Final Paper Famine, Affluence, and Morality Peter Singer Jimmy carter once said, We know that a peaceful world cannot long exist, one-third rich and two-thirds hungry. With the world now more interconnected than ever there might be a solution to world hunger by distribution of wealth. Peter Singer, in his article titled, Famine, Affluence, and Morality, takes this concept of unity that we have on a global scale and tries to tackle the issue of world hunger. BeforeRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Singer s Argument On Famine, Affluence, And Morality Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesin my books, however there does exist â€Å"courtesy† or â€Å"kind-heartedness.† Peter Singer’s argument regarding famine, affluence, and morality is, in my opinion, strongly influenced by sympathetic and empathetic feelings based on observations in a still developing country. In a sense, his reasoning is subjective and biased because he seems to focus only on the problem, and not the circumstances that could have prevented such problems from the b eginning. I will elaborate on some of the loopholes in his arguments

Using Maps with American Literature as Informational Texts

Teachers of American literature in middle or high school classrooms have the opportunity to select from a little over  400 years of writing by American authors. Because each author offers a different perspective on the American experience, teachers may also choose to provide the geographic context that influenced each of the authors taught in a curriculum. In American literature, geography is often central to an authors narrative.   Representing the geography of where an author was born, raised, educated, or wrote can be done on a map, and the creation of such a map involves the discipline of cartography. Cartography or Map Making The International Cartographic Association (ICA)  defines cartography: Cartography is the discipline dealing with the conception, production, dissemination and study of maps. Cartography is also about representation – the map. This means that cartography is the whole process of mapping. The  structural models  of cartography  can be used to  describe the process of mapping for an  academic discipline. Supporting the use of maps in the study of literature to better understand how geography has informed or influenced an author is made in an  argument made by  Sà ©bastien Caquard and William Cartwright in their 2014  article  Narrative Cartography: From Mapping Stories to the Narrative of Maps and Mapping  Ã‚  published in  The Cartographic Journal. The article explains how  the potential of maps to both decipher and tell stories is virtually unlimited. Teachers may use maps that help students better comprehend how the geography of America may influence authors and their literature. Their description of narrative cartography is an aim,  to shed light on some of the facets of the rich and complex relationships between maps and narratives. Influence of Geography on American Authors Studying the  geography that influenced the authors of American literature can mean using some of the lenses of social sciences such as  economics,  political science,  human  geography,  demography,   psychology  or  sociology. Teachers may spend time in class and provide the cultural geography background of the authors who penned the most traditional selections of literature in high school  such as Nathanial Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men.   In each of  these selections, as in most American literature,  the  context of an authors  community,  culture, and relationships is  tied to specific time and location. For example, the geography of colonial settlements is seen in the  first pieces of American literature, beginning with a  1608 memoir by Captain John Smith, English explorer and  leader of Jamestown (Virginia). The explorers accounts are combined in a piece  titled  Ã‚  A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia.   In this recounting, consider by many to be wildly exaggerated, Smith describes  the story of  Pocahontas saving his life from the hand of Powhatan.   More recently, the 2016 winner of the Pulitzer Prize  Ã‚  for fiction  was written by  Viet Thanh Nguyen  who  was born in Vietnam and raised in America. His story  The Sympathizer  is described as, A layered immigrant tale told in the wry, confessional voice of a man of two minds— and two countries, Vietnam and the United States. In this award-winning narrative, the contrast of these two cultural geographies is central to the story. The American Writers Museum: Digital Literary Maps There are a number of different digital  map resources available to teachers with Internet access  to use in providing students background information. Should teachers want to give  students an opportunity to research American authors, a good starting place might be the American Writers Museum,  A National Museum Celebrating American Writers. The museum already has a digital presence, with their physical offices scheduled to open in Chicago in 2017. The mission of the  American Writers Museum is to engage the public in celebrating American writers and exploring their influence on our history, our identity, our culture, and our daily lives. One featured page on the museums  website is a Literary America  map  that features  American writers from all over the country.  Visitors can  click on a states icon to see what literary landmarks are located there   such as author homes and museums, book festivals, literary archives,  or even an authors final resting places.   This Literary America  map will help students meet several of the goals of the new American Writers Museum which are to: Educate the public about American writers – past and present;Engage visitors to the Museum in exploring the many exciting worlds created by the spoken and written word;Enrich and deepen appreciation for good writing in all its forms;Inspire visitors  to discover, or rediscover, a love of reading and writing. Teachers should know that the digital Literary America map on the museums website is interactive, and there are links to multiple other websites. For example, by clicking on New York State icon, students could choose to be connected to an obituary on the New York Public Librarys website for  J.D. Salinger,  author of Catcher in the Rye. Another click on the New York State icon could  take students to  a news story about the 343 boxes  containing the  personal papers and documents of the poet  Maya Angelou  that were acquired  by the  Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. This acquisition was featured in an article in the NY Times, Schomburg Center in Harlem Acquires Maya Angelou Archive  and there are links to many of these documents. There are links on the Pennsylvania state icon to museums dedicated to authors born in the state. For example, students can choose between Edgar Allan Poe National Historical SitePearl S. Buck HouseZane Grey Museum Similarly, a click on the Texas state icon offers students an opportunity to digitally visit three museums dedicated to the American short story author, William S. Porter, who wrote under the pen name O.Henry: O. Henry HouseO. Henry MuseumWilliam Sidney Porter, O. Henry Museum The State of  California offers multiple sites for students to explore on American authors who had a presence in the state: Eugene O’Neill National Historic SiteJack London State Historic ParkJohn Muir National Historic SiteNational Steinbeck CenterRobinson Jeffers Tor House FoundationThe Beat MuseumWill Rogers Ranch Additional Literary Author Map Collections 1. At the Clark Library (University of Michigan Library) there are a number of literary maps  for students to view.  One such  literary map was drawn by  Charles Hook Heffelfinger (1956).  This map lists the last names of many American writers along with their principal works within the state in which the book takes place. The description of the map states: As with many literary maps, while many of the works included may have been commercial successes at the time of the map’s publication in 1956, not all of them are still acclaimed today. Some classics are included, however, such as  Gone With the Wind  by Margaret Mitchell and  The Last of the Mohicans  by James Fenimore Cooper. These maps can be shared as a projection in class, or students can follow the link themselves. 2. The Library of Congress  offers an online collection  of maps titled, Language of the Land: Journeys Into Literary America. According to the website:   The inspiration for this exhibition was the Library of Congresss collection of literary maps--maps that acknowledge the contributions of authors to a specific state or region as well as those that depict the geographical locations in works of fiction or fantasy.   This exhibition includes the  1949  Booklovers Map  published by R.R. Bowker of New York which  features important points of interest across America’s historical, cultural, and literary landscape at the time. There are many different maps in this online  collection, and the promotional description for the exhibition reads: From Robert Frosts New England farms to John Steinbecks California valleys to Eudora Weltys Mississippi Delta, American authors have shaped our view of Americas regional landscapes in all their astonishing variety. They have created unforgettable characters, inseparably identified with the territory they inhabit. Author Maps AreInformational Texts Maps can be used as informational texts in the English Language Arts classroom as part of the key shifts educators can use in order to  integrate the Common Core State Standards.  These key shifts of the  Common Core  state that: Students must be immersed in information about the world around them if they are to develop the strong general knowledge and vocabulary they need to become successful readers and be prepared for college, career, and life. Informational texts play an important part in building students’ content knowledge. English teachers can use  maps as informational texts to build student background knowledge and improve comprehension. The use of maps as informational texts  could be covered under the following standards: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.8.7  Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to present a particular topic or idea. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.9-10.7  Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums (e.g., a persons life story in both print and multimedia), determining which details are emphasized in each account. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.7  Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem. Conclusion Letting students explore American authors in their geographic and historic context through cartography, or mapmaking, can help their comprehension of American literature. The visual representation of the geography that contributed to a work of literature is best represented by a map. The use of maps   in the English classroom  can also help students develop an appreciation of Americas literary geography while increasing their familiarity with the  visual language of maps for other content areas.

Key issues facing my organization over the next five years Free Essays

Amwal was formed in 1998 as a financial planning firm for the women of Qatar under the patronage of HE Shiekha Mozah, the wife of the Emir of Qatar.   As a result of Amwal’s success and reputation it was transformed into a fully licensed investment bank in 2005. Amwal, like most of the investment banks and asset management firms in the region, has benefitted from the unprecedented economic growth, high oil prices, and surplus wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Key issues facing my organization over the next five years or any similar topic only for you Order Now The GCC countries are expected to grow over seven percent in the next five years. Qatar is one of the top GCC countries in economic performance.   As such, Qatar’s economy is expected to grow 13% in 2008 as a result of sustained oil prices and the country’s ambitious gas industrialization initiatives. Following Russia and Iran, Qatar has the world’s third largest gas reserves. In terms of energy, these reserves are expected to last for more than 200 years. This growth is not temporary in nature and is expected to continue over the long run. During former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan’s recent visit o Jeddah, he was quoted saying that the oil boom would â€Å"go on forever†. All of these factors have resulted in a mushroom effect on the growth of different kinds of financial institutions in the region.   Existing banks are expanding rapidly, new banks are being set up, and many international players from US, Europe, and Asia are setting up shop in this region. In the last two years nearly 280 financial intuitions have surfaced in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In the current market scenario, I believe that Amwal will face the following challenged as it strives to become a world class investment bank:  Carving its own identity and differentiating from its regional peers Amwal has a very strong shareholder base that includes prominent local and regional organizations.   For this reason Amwal’s identity sometimes is overshadowed by affiliation with one of its shareholders in the multiple   transactions that Amwal actually facilitates.   As a new investment bank Amwal leveraged its shareholder base to its benefit.   However as we grow it is imperative that we carve out our own identity that will build a strong brand recognition in the region. This is important because it will help Amwal to differentiate itself from its regional competitors, who often operate on similar grounds and similar strengths.   This will occur over the mid   to long range period as Amwal builds on successful deals, takes steps to increase social responsibility, and invests in its employee resources. Competing with global names such as Deutsche Bank, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Due to economic growth and initiatives to develop the capital markets, GCC countries have been successful in attracting global names such as Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Barclays etc. This presents a unique challenge for a local bank like Amwal to remain competitive due to its relative inexperience as compared to the multinational investment banks. GCC countries have embarked on a major capital expenditure initiative, developing their infrastructure and other major projects. Qatar alone will spend over $100 billion(U.S.) over the next five years.   This will help to position Amwal as a local expert with global capabilities. Hiring and retaining key staff Due to the spur in new market entrants, banks are competing for the best human resources and often find themselves short of a healthy bench-strength. This has been mainly due to the high turnover, shortage of seasoned professionals, and a general preference to employ western educated professionals with regional experience. This problem is more prevalent for local banks with limited resources. These local banks are rely heavily on key staff such as the senior manages of investment banking and asset management. Amwal is not immune to this problem and has recently developed a policy of retaining good employees and encouraging its staff to develop further expertise by sending them for training and allowing time off from work for academic studies.   Amwal will face a key challenge of retaining staff and hiring more professionals due to circumstances beyond its control including regional factors such as increased competition and the higher cost of living. Need for a better corporate governance Another challenge is creating the right balance of power and accountability between the board of directors, senior management, shareholders,   and internal operating departments.   Amwal has grown tremendously over the last few years and is now planning for its own Initial Public Offering (IPO) early next year to support its current growth and future goals. During the initial years of operation, Amwal’s management style was very centralized with authorities and powers limited to a few key individuals. While this is very common among most local and regional institutions like Amwal, this structure usually leads to a financial and strategic gap upon the exit of these key individuals. Amwal has come a long way since its transformation into an investment bank and have developed business policy principles, guidelines, internal and external regulations and monitoring mechanisms. However, as we continue to grow, expand our global reach, and prepare for the IPO, I believe these measures would need to be constantly reviewed and enhanced as they are critical for conducting proper corporate accountability and enhancing business prosperity. Another prevailing impediment is the lack of proactiveness of the local governing bodies that need to substantially enhance the regulatory framework, develop stricter industry guidelines, and encourage transparency.   As an industry leader, Amwal is in a unique position to have a positive effect on the creation of the regulatory industry in the region. Conclusion These observations are not only unique to Amwal.   Since we are in a constantly changing environment it is critical that local and regional institutions identify these challenges and develop a strategic plan to respond to them.   I believe that Amwal is well placed and uniquely positioned for this challenge with its sound business model and comprehensive long range strategic plan. How to cite Key issues facing my organization over the next five years, Essay examples

Role of Governmental Information Provision †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Governmental Information Provision. Answer: Introduction: The advancement in the technology has helped the organizations in making use of the different aspects of the change in the structure and the functioning of the business. The organizations have taken steps to develop science and technology to fit in to the needs of safety and security of the human race. Similar kind of efforts were taken by a collaborative action that was taken by Studio Roosegaarde and the engineers from Heijmans Infrastructure for determining the safety of the drivers through the implementation of the Smart Highway project. The main purpose of the report is to determine the various considerations that are being undertaken by the collaborators in order to develop the project in order to bring in changes in the technology and the user of the same in order to ensure the safety and the security of the people. The report enumerates the model of the organization and the pros and cons that might be faced by the same while undertaking and implementing the change. Organizational model through Canvas Key Partners Key Partner- Studio Roosegaarde and Heijmans Infrastructure. Key Suppliers- the key suppliers for the project are the paint suppliers and the manufacturers that supports the venture of the organization in the market. Key Resources- the key resources that are being required for undertaking the venture are the raw materials of the paints, the wind power technologies and the different electricity types that will help the partners in making the project work effectively. Key Activities- the allocation of the resources and the application of the same for maintaining the effectiveness of the project Key Activities Key Activities- the key activities that are being taken by the venture is based on the understanding of the different implementation procedures for ensuring the safety and the security of the drivers (Hamersma et al., 2016). Customer Relationships- the customer relationships is an important aspect that is being undertaken by the organization for the proper implementation of the project as it is based on ensuring the safety and the security of the drivers and the users of the highway. It is aimed at making the highway more convenient or the users through the undertaking of the value propositions. Value Proposition The collaboration is aimed at understanding the issues that are being faced by the drivers while driving in the highways. It is aimed at ensuring the safety and the security of the drivers and thereby reduces the risks of road accidents. It also aimed at amending the different advantages of utilizing the smart highway project. Customer problems are mainly based on the accidents that occur due to the rough driving and their lack of understanding of the icy terrain that might cause accidents to occur in the highway. The construction of the smart highway helps in regulating the speed of the vehicles and notifies the drivers of the traffic signs without the utilization of electricity through the glow in the dark paints. Customer Relationships The relationship that is being expected by the user is based on the understanding of the issues that they face and the risk of the accidents they face while driving late night. The major aspect of the change that is being undertaken by the organization is to develop the technologies based on the requirements of the people who are using the highroad. Therefore, the major objective of the organization is to determine the needs of the customer in order to provide them with the expected value. Customer Segments The organization is aimed at creating value for the users of the highway. To be more specific of the users, the drivers who undertake difficulties in understanding the roads signs at night while driving. Key Resources The key resources that might be required by the organization while amending the change are: The luminous paints The energy saving lights and technology that supports the same (Gerrard, 2012) The charging technologies for amending to the needs of the users of the electronic vehicles DELET Channels The channels that are being used by the organization for reaching out to the users of the highway are: The website updates The usage of the social media platforms like posts in Facebook and Instagram for reaching ouyut their initiative to the customers The blogs and the forums where discussion is undertaken for determining the feedbacks of the users in order to bring in modifications in the systems Cost Structure The implementation of the project on the highway requires a huge amount of cost that is required to be undertaken. They are: The paints that are being used in the project The eco-friendly technology that is required to be installed for providing electricity to the project The cost of the raw materials that will be supporting the project (Le?niak, 2013) Gaining the appropriate affiliation from the road constructing authorities to bring in the change Revenue Streams The services that are being amended by the collaboration are based on the understanding of the needs of the people who are facing difficulties while driving at night. The government also contributes to the undertaking in order to bring in changes in the structure and the functioning of the smart highway project (Khmel Zhao, 2016). The manners in which the customers prefer to pay for the value are based on the transaction of money through the payment of taxes and cash payments for availing the amendments. Relation between the building blocks The relation between the building blocks for the projects is based on the understanding of the different factors that affects the availability of the resources and the main function that is being undertaken by the collaborators for bringing in the change in the system and the functioning of the project as per the needs of the users. The project is an eco-friendly approach of adhering to the needs of the drivers as they face difficulties in driving at night due to the change in the weather conditions (Tsai Chang, 2012). On the other hand, the project also includes the usage of renewable sources of energy for lighting up the substitutes for the street lamps. It will be helping the collaborators in meeting up to the requirements of the drivers. The cost structure and the approval that is gained by the project will be helping the same in adhering to the requirements of the users. On the other hand, the utilization of the chief resources in the project will be helping the collaborators t o meet the requirements of the drivers. The critical success factors that determine the proper implementation of the project is being discussed in this section of the report. Feasibility of the drivers for the success The understanding of the needs of the drivers while undertaking the technological change, which is being planned by the collaborators. The major aspects of the success are based on the amendments that are being delivered to the users of the highway through the determination of the needs of the same (Xu et al., 2012). The proper functioning of the Smart technologies will be helping the project to boost up based on the determination of the needs of the users. The smooth functioning of the processes will be helping the project is succeeding. The risks that might be faced by the collaborators while undertaking the development of the project is being discussed in this section of the analysis. The malfunctioning of the technologies might affect the smooth functioning of the project in the market. It affects the smooth functioning of the elements that are being introduced as a part of the Smart Highway project. The malfunctioning of the technologies affect the prospects of growth and acceptance of the project. Risks due to durability of the chief resources used in the project The durability of the chief resources that are being used as part of the project affects the development of the project as per the needs of the users. The paint that is being used as the major technological backdrop of the project might be erased through the passage of time. On the other hand, the proper functioning of the turbines and the electricity generators might get affected which creates a havoc impact on the development of the project. The cost that is being incurred by the developers might also affect the need of the resources to be changed after a span of time. The changes that can be taken by the collaborators are being discussed in this section of the report. It helps in understanding the manner in which the project could be made more effective as per the needs of its user. The feedbacks will be helping the organization in taking steps for bringing in improvements in the structure and the functioning of the project. Monitoring over the technological aspects of the project will be helping the collaborators to undertake the smooth functioning of the project subsequent to its affiliation. References Gerrard, M. B. (2012). Reverse environmental impact analysis: effect of climate change on projects.New York Law J,247, 1-4. Hamersma, M., Heinen, E., Tillema, T., Arts, J. (2016). Residents responses to proposed highway projects: Exploring the role of governmental information provision.Transport Policy,49, 56-67. Khmel, V., Zhao, S. (2016). Arrangement of financing for highway infrastructure projects under the conditions of PublicPrivate Partnership.IATSS Research,39(2), 138-145. Le?niak, A. (2013, October). The application of artificial neural networks in indirect cost estimation. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1558, No. 1, pp. 1312-1315). AIP. Tsai, C. Y., Chang, A. S. (2012). Framework for developing construction sustainability items: the example of highway design.Journal of Cleaner Production,20(1), 127-136. Xu, Y., Sun, C., Skibniewski, M. J., Chan, A. P., Yeung, J. F., Cheng, H. (2012). System Dynamics (SD)-based concession pricing model for PPP highway projects.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 240-251.